Table 2.

Transduction mechanisms and their relative advantages and disadvantages [77,78,79,80].

Transduction Mechanisms	Advantages	Disadvantages
Capacitive	High sensitivity High spatial resolution Large dynamic range Temperature independent	Stray capacitance Complex measurement circuit Cross-talk between elements Susceptible to noise Hysteresis
Piezoresistive	Simple construction High spatial resolution Low cost Compatible with VLSI	Hysteresis High power consumption Lack of reproducibility
Piezoelectric	High frequency response High accuracy High sensitivity High dynamic range	Poor spatial resolution Charge leakages Dynamic sensing only
Optical	Good reliability Wide sensing range High repeatability High spatial resolution	Non-conformable Bulky in size Susceptible to temperature or misalignment
Inductive	Linear output High sensitivity High power output High dynamic range	Low frequency response Poor reliability More power consumption