Table 1.
Means and SD for pressure-sensing insole variables with a significant (p < 0.05) mixed-design ANOVA result (Supplementary Table S1). Bold p-values indicate a significant difference between single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) conditions after correction for multiple comparisons.
| Fallers | Non-Fallers | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ST | DT | p | ST | DT | p | |
| CoP Path | ||||||
| PD per Stride | 1.8 ± 2.7 | 2.6 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | 1.5 ± 2.0 | 2.5 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Lateral Deviation Length (mm) | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 0.165 | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 0.051 |
| Medial–Lateral (ML) Deviation Duration (s) | 0.029 ± 0.013 | 0.038 ± 0.014 | 0.029 | 0.031 ± 0.015 | 0.037 ± 0.017 | 0.019 |
| Min Centre of Pressure (CoP) Velocity (m/s) | 0.028 ± 0.010 | 0.021 ± 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.031 ± 0.012 | 0.023 ± 0.010 | <0.001 |
| Mean CoP Velocity (m/s) | 0.284 ± 0.038 | 0.249 ± 0.044 | <0.001 | 0.293 ± 0.048 | 0.250 ± 0.049 | <0.001 |
| Median CoP Velocity (m/s) | 0.247 ± 0.034 | 0.208 ± 0.035 | <0.001 | 0.250 ± 0.041 | 0.213 ± 0.047 | <0.001 |
| Temporal | ||||||
| Cadence (steps/minute) | 109.6 ± 10.0 | 98.4 ± 12.9 | <0.001 | 111.9 ± 10.5 | 96.4 ± 14.9 | <0.001 |
| Stride Time (s) | 1.11 ± 0.10 | 1.24 ± 0.18 | <0.001 | 1.09 ± 0.11 | 1.28 ± 0.21 | <0.001 |
| Stance Time (s) | 0.73 ± 0.09 | 0.83 ± 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.72 ± 0.09 | 0.84 ± 0.15 | <0.001 |
| Swing Time (s) | 0.38 ± 0.05 | 0.42 ± 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.37 ± 0.06 | 0.44 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Stride Time CoV | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.031 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | <0.001 |
| Stride Time Symmetry Index | 2.13 ± 1.14 | 2.95 ± 1.79 | 0.005 | 2.18 ± 1.41 | 2.86 ± 1.50 | 0.026 |
| CoP Path Stance Phase CoV | ||||||
| CoV Anterior–Posterior (AP) | 4.90 ± 1.63 | 5.22 ± 1.42 | 0.248 | 4.48 ± 1.54 | 6.17 ± 2.21 | <0.001 |
| CoV ML | 6.57 ± 2.44 | 7.39 ± 2.60 | 0.059 | 6.66 ± 2.33 | 7.70 ± 2.96 | 0.007 |
| Impulse (Ns/kg) | ||||||
| Foot-strike to first peak (I1) | 1.22 ± 0.41 | 1.40 ± 0.52 | 0.009 | 1.20 ± 0.50 | 1.50 ± 0.66 | <0.001 |
| First peak to min (I2) | 1.22 ± 0.48 | 1.10 ± 0.49 | 0.004 | 1.27 ± 0.49 | 1.24 ± 0.51 | 0.435 |
| Min to second peak (I3) | 1.83 ± 0.66 | 1.95 ± 0.79 | 0.219 | 1.58 ± 0.61 | 1.68 ± 0.63 | 0.111 |
| Second peak to foot-off (I4) | 1.14 ± 0.41 | 1.43 ± 0.71 | 0.014 | 1.05 ± 0.49 | 1.41 ± 0.85 | <0.001 |
| Foot-strike to min (I5) | 2.36 ± 0.79 | 2.42 ± 0.86 | 0.554 | 2.44 ± 0.99 | 2.66 ± 0.90 | 0.001 |
| Min to foot-off (I6) | 2.89 ± 1.00 | 3.30 ± 1.24 | 0.009 | 2.56 ± 0.98 | 3.01 ± 1.30 | <0.001 |
| Foot-strike to foot-off (I7) | 5.19 ± 1.62 | 5.66 ± 1.89 | 0.026 | 4.89 ± 1.74 | 5.61 ± 2.01 | <0.001 |