Table 1.

Preschool developmental assessment methods in Ghana

Preschool score	Method
Cognitive
Pre-academic skills	Parents’ evaluation of developmental status: developmental milestones pre-academic subscale.
Paired-associate memory	The child was taught novel names for eight objects and tested for recall and recognition.
Language	Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY-II) body part naming and identification and comprehension of instruction sub-tests.
Block design	Adapted British Abilities Scales pattern construction sub-test.
Visual search	Adapted NEPSY visual search sub-test.
Inhibitory control: head/toe task	Head/toe sub-test of the International Development and Early Learning Assessment (IDELA).
Inhibitory control: delay of gratification	Whether the child chose to receive one treat immediately or to wait for two, three, or four treats at the end of the second, third, and fourth tasks, respectively.
Cognitive factor score	Factor score calculated as the first component of a factor analysis using principal-axis factoring method including all cognitive z-scores except delay of gratification, which was the only score that was not strongly associated with the others. This component accounted for 79% of the variance in these scores.
Motor
Fine motor	National Institute of Health (NIH) Toolbox 9-Hole Pegboard test.
Socioemotional
Socioemotional Competence and Difficulties	Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)
Behavior rating scale	Adapted from the Preschool Self-Regulation Assessment (PSRA) Assessor Report.