Fig. 2.

Transcription and translation of the xylose-inducible promoter. Cell-free extracts (10 mg·mL⁻¹) were incubated at 30 °C for 6 h with a range of DNA concentrations (1–10 nM) of the pKMMBm5-MGapt plasmid. Fluorescence data were collected every 60 s for (A) GFP (protein) and (B) MGapt (mRNA) signals and displayed as black points in the plot with gray bars representing SE. Experimental data were modeled using ordinary differential equations with a system of 14 species and 26 parameters (SBML model available in the GitHub software repository, see Methods), and parameters were inferred using MCMC (SI Appendix, Fig. S18 and Table S9). Simulated trajectories using these inferred parameters are shown with green (for GFP) and red (mRNA) lines.