Fig. 4.

Parental exposure to EDs leads to delayed metamorphosis and reduced size and weight of progeny. (A) Development curves of F₁ individuals from hatching to metamorphosis. The distributions of F₁ individual development times were compared between the control and each parental ED-exposed population using a Kaplan–Meyer test to evaluate global curve difference. The asterisk indicates a significant difference from the control: *P < 0.05 (n = 716, 1,020, and 72 for control, BaP, and TCS parental exposure). (B) Snout-vent length of F₁ individuals at time of metamorphosis from each parental exposure group. (C) Weight of F₁ individuals at time of metamorphosis from each parental exposure group. The statistical analysis was performed using Dunnett’s test on log-transformed data. The asterisks indicate a significant difference from the control: *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 (n = 46, 63, and 10 for control, BaP, and TCS parental exposure, respectively). (D) Development curves of F₁ juvenile females from hatching to sexual maturity. The distributions of F₁ individual development times were compared between the control and each parental ED-exposed population using a Kaplan–Meyer test to evaluate global curve difference. The asterisk indicates a significant difference from the control: *P < 0.05 (n = 10, 28, and 1 for control, BaP, and TCS parental exposure). (E) Percentage of successful amplexus 3 h poststimulation of F₁ animals (n = 5, 5, and 1 for the control, BaP, and TCS parental exposures, respectively). (F) Number of hatched eggs per F₁ female from each successful amplexus (n = 5, 5, and 1 for the control, BaP, and TCS parental exposures, respectively).