Effects of curcumin on the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in Aβ(25–35)-treated PC12 cells. PC12 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of curcumin (5, 10, 20, 30 μM/L) in the presence of 20 μM Aβ(25–35) for 24 h. The release of LDH was measured by using a LDH Cytotoxicity Assay kit, and the result is expressed as the fold increase of the control (non-treated) group. Data are shown as mean ±SD. ** p<0.01 vs. non-treated group; #, ## p<0.05, 0.01 vs. the Aβ(25–35) treatment alone group. Cur – curcumin.