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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Genet. 2017 Nov 20;64(3):551–554. doi: 10.1007/s00294-017-0784-6

Figure 1. Noise in gene expression impacts phenotypic heterogeneity.

Figure 1

Fluctuation of the protein levels among individual cells of the genetically-identical population is a cumulative result from gene expression noise at various steps, including transcription by the RNA polymerase (RNAP), mRNA degradation, translation, and protein degradation. Gene expression noise contributes to the phenotypic heterogeneity that diversifies individual cells and provides a bet-hedging mechanism for the population to quickly adapt to changing environments.