Table 2.

Causes of FES.

Trauma related	Nontrauma related
1. Long bone fracture	1. Pancreatitis
2. Pelvic fracture	2. Diabetes mellitus
3. Fracture of other marrow-containing bones	3. Osteomyelitis and panniculitis
4. Orthopedic procedures	4. Bone tumor lysis
5. Soft tissue injuries (e.g., chest compression with or without rib fracture)	5. Steroid therapy
6. Burns	6. Sickle cell haemoglobinopathies
7. Liposuction	7. Alcoholic liver disease
8. Bone marrow harvesting and transplant	8. Lipid infusion
	9. Cyclosporine A solvent

The incidence of FES ranges from <1% to >30% due to a lack of universal criteria for diagnosis, and a number of mild cases of FES may be unnoticed.