Table 2.
Biomarkers of kidney injury in diabetic patients with no known kidney disease, nondiabetic controls, and diabetics with diagnosed kidney disease. DM: diabetes mellitus; DKD: diabetic kidney disease; KIM-1: kidney injury molecule-1; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; Q3: upper quartile; IQR: interquartile range.
| Biomarker | Plasma KIM-1 (pg/ml) |
Urine KIM-1 (μg/g Cr) |
Plasma cystatin C (μg/ml) |
Urine cystatin C (ng/g Cr) |
Plasma NGAL (ng/ml) |
Urine NGAL (ng/g Cr) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range of nondiabetic group | (7.78, 63.44) | (0.16, 1.23) | (0.49, 1.21) | (5.29, 82.72) | (5.98, 76.64) | (0.43, 26.57) |
|
| ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 30.39 ± 17.97 | 0.47 ± 0.30 | 0.87 ± 0.20 | 27.45 ± 20.74 | 41.75 ± 18.24 | 5.84 ± 5.71 |
| >mean + 2SD in DM versus in DKD | 52% versus 100% | 23% versus 20% | 17% versus 78% | 19% versus 64% | 17% versus 40% | 24% versus 73% |
| >mean + 3SD in DM versus in DKD | 45% versus 80% | 12% versus 20% | 11% versus 78% | 14% versus 64% | 13% versus 40% | 21% versus 64% |
|
| ||||||
| Q3 ± IQR | 46.56 ± 29.62 | 0.54 ± 0.31 | 0.97 ± 0.22 | 27.75 ± 11.95 | 55.44 ± 27.40 | 7.55 ± 5.04 |
| >Q3 + 1.5 IQR in DM versus in DKD | 40% versus 80% | 25% versus 27% | 17% versus 78% | 43% versus 79% | 13% versus 40% | 24% versus 73% |
| >Q3 + 3 IQR in DM versus in DKD | 24% v. 70% | 10% versus 20% | 11% versus 78% | 21% versus 64% | 6% versus 30% | 21% versus 64% |