Table 3.
Overall and by gender Ordinal Regression Analysis (OR; 95% CI) for the nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) as variables predicting sleep behaviors among college students (N = 135,874; adjusting for covariatesΔ).
| NMUPD Variables Yes vs. No | Sleep Variables | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Enough Sleep (OR^) | Problem with Daytime Sleepiness (OR^^) | Early Awakening (OR^^^) | Daytime Sleepiness (OR^^^) | Difficulty Falling Asleep (OR^^^) | |
| Antidepressants (CI) | |||||
| Overall | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 0.99 (0.93–1.07) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 1.07 (0.99–1.14) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) |
| Male | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | 1.07 (0.95–1.22) | 1.01 (0.89–1.13) | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) |
| Female | 0.99 (0.92–1.08) | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) |
| Painkillers | |||||
| Overall | 0.84*** (0.80–0.88) | 0.98 (0.93–1.02) | 1.28*** (1.22–1.34) | 1.16*** (1.11–1.22) | 1.27*** (1.21–1.33) |
| Male | 0.87** (0.80–0.93) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 1.34*** (1.24–1.45) | 1.16*** (1.08–1.25) | 1.33*** (1.23–1.43) |
| Female | 0.83*** (0.78–0.87) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 1.24*** (1.17–1.31) | 1.17*** (1.11–1.24) | 1.23*** (1.16–1.30) |
| Sedatives | |||||
| Overall | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 1.10* (1.03–1.17) | 1.12 ** (1.05–1.19) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 1.17*** (1.09–1.24) |
| Male | 1.08 (0.97–1.19) | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 0.96 (0.86–1.06) | 1.13 (1.02–1.26) |
| Female | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 1.09 (1.00–1.18) | 1.14* (1.05–1.24) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 1.18*** (1.09–1.27) |
| Stimulants | |||||
| Overall | 0.93* (0.89–0.97) | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 1.10*** (1.05–1.16) | 1.13*** (1.08–1.18) | 1.10*** (1.05–1.15) |
| Male | 0.88** (0.82–0.95) | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) | 1.15** (1.06–1.25) | 1.20*** (1.11–1.29) | 1.21*** (1.12–1.30) |
| Female | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 0.99 (0.94–1.06) | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 1.09** (1.04–1.16) | 1.04 (0.99–1.11) |
| Use at least one | |||||
| Overall | 0.86*** (0.83–0.88) | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 1.28*** (1.24–1.33) | 1.23*** (1.19–1.26) | 1.32*** (1.28–1.37) |
| Male | 0.84*** (0.80–0.89) | 0.97(0.92–1.03) | 1.33*** (1.26–1.41) | 1.22*** (1.16–1.29) | 1.44*** (1.36–1.52) |
| Female | 0.87*** (0.83–0.90) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 1.26*** (1.21–1.31) | 1.23*** (1.18–1.28) | 1.26*** (1.22–1.31) |
Note. OR interpretation:
Less days of having Enough Sleep “Poor” < 1 > More days of having Enough Sleep “Optimal.”
No problem with Daytime Sleepiness “Optimal” < 1 Little to a very big problem with Daytime Sleepiness > “Poor.”
Less days of Early Awakening, Daytime Sleepiness, and Difficulty Falling Asleep “Optimal” < 1 > more days of Early Awakening, Daytime Sleepiness, and Difficulty Falling Asleep “Poor.”
p < .01;
p < .001;
p < .0001
Controlling for race; gender; age; BMI; cigarette, alcohol and marijuana use; being diagnosed for ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), insomnia, sleep disorders, and depression; and the overall stress level. When we modeled one of the NMUPD variables as a predictor, we controlled for the other NMUPD.