Table 1.

Inflammatory biomarkers targeting cholinergic, purinergic and glutamatergic systems in stroke.

Name of the target	Neurotransmitter system	Biological activity	References
α7	Cholinergic	Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory action	Duris et al.,13 Krafft et al.,14 Han et al.,15 Zou et al.,16 Han et al.,17 Guan et al.,18 Shimohama et al.,19 Kalappa et al.,20 Fujiki et al.,21 Colás et al.22
α4β2	Cholinergic	Inhibition of inflammation	Martin et al.23
A1	Purinergic	Modulation of interleukin release	Burnstock and Boeynaems24
A2A	Purinergic	Control of immune cell infiltration after cerebral ischemia	Verkhratsky et al.,25 Puchalowicz et al.,26 Vuorimaa et al.27
P2X7	Purinergic	Neuroprotective activity and modulation of inflammation	Mayne et al.,28 Li et al.,29 Yu et al.,30 Dai and Zhou,31 Troadec et al.,32 Collo et al.,33 Skape et al.34
P2X4	Purinergic	Control of the inflammatory reaction	Suzuki et al.,35 Chu et al.,36 Monif et al.37
P2Y12	Purinergic	Modulation of the inflammatory reaction and platelet aggregation	Melani et al.,38 Vazquez-Villoldo et al.,39 Cavaliere et al.,40 Li et al.41
System xc–	Glutamatergic	Control of oxidative stress underlying inflammation	Liu et al.,42 Patel et al.43