Table 3.
Psychosocial treatment descriptions and evaluation findings
| Programme | Sample size (country) |
Ages at programme start |
Programme elements (settings) |
Treatment duration |
Follow-up after post-test | Child behaviour outcomes* |
| Brief Intervention— Youth only | 300 (USA) | 11–17 years | Child CBT (home) |
2 weeks | 2 years | ↓ 1 of 1 symptom† |
| 1.5 years | • 2 of 2 symptoms | |||||
| Brief Intervention— Youth+Parent w76 | Child CBT+Parent training (home) |
3 weeks | 2 years | • 1 of 1 symptom | ||
| 1.5 years | • 2 of 2 symptoms | |||||
| Incredible Years Basic w77–w78 | 120 (UK) | 3–7 years | Parent training (clinic) |
3–3.7 months | 7.8 years (average) | ↓ ODD diagnoses ↓ 1 of 3 symptoms |
|
Incredible Years
Basic+Literacy w77–w79 |
112 (UK) | 4–6 years | Parent training+child literacy training (community, home) | 6.4 months | 5.8 years (average) |
• ODD diagnoses • 3 of 3 symptoms |
| 4 months | ↓ ODD diagnoses | |||||
| Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care I w80–w81‡ | 79 (USA) | 12–17 years (boys only) | Parent training, child SST, family therapy (home, community) |
6.8 months (average) | 1.4 years (average) |
↓ 2 of 2 symptoms† |
| Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care II w82‡ | 81 (USA) | 13–17 years (girls only) |
Parent training, child SST, family therapy (home, community) |
5.7 months (average) | 1.4 years (average) |
↓ 1 of 3 symptoms† |
| Multisystemic Therapy I w83‡,§ | 118 (USA) | 12–17 years | Parent training, child CBT, family therapy (home, community) |
4.3 months (average) | 6 months | • 2 of 2 symptoms |
| Multisystemic Therapy II w84‡ | 131 (USA) | 11–17 years | Parent training, child CBT, family therapy (home, community) |
7 months (average) |
1.4 years (average) |
↓ 1 of 2 symptoms† |
| Multisystemic Therapy III w85–w86 | 164 (USA) | 11–18 years | Parent training, child CBT, family therapy (home, community+school) |
5.2 months (average) |
2 years | • 2 of 2 symptoms |
| 1 year | ↓ 2 of 4 symptoms | |||||
| Multisystemic Therapy IV w87–w89 | 256 (Netherlands) | 12–18 years | Parent training, child CBT, family therapy (home, community) |
5.7 months (average) | 2.8 years (average) |
• 1 of 1 symptom |
| 7.2 months (average) |
↓ 5 of 6 symptoms† | |||||
| Parent-Child Interaction Therapy w90 | 81 (Norway) | 2–7 years | Parent training (clinic) |
4.9 months (average) |
1.1 years (average) |
↓ 2 of 5 symptoms |
| Parent Management Training–Oregon w91 | 112 (Norway) | 4–12 years | Parent training (community) |
6.1 months (average) | 1.1 years (average) |
• 7 of 7 symptoms |
| Protocol for On-Site Nurse-Administered Intervention w92 | 163 (USA) | 6–11 years | Parent training, child CBT, family therapy (clinic) |
4 months (average) | 1 year | • ODD/CD diagnoses • 1 of 1 symptom |
| Strongest Families w93¶ | 80 (Canada) | 3–7 years | Parent training¶ (home) |
3.2 months | 5.2 months | • ODD diagnoses |
↓denotes statistically significant reductions in diagnoses/symptoms; •denotes no significant differences between intervention and control groups.
*Diagnostic findings extracted for all follow-up periods and symptom findings extracted for either longest follow-up period or for 2 follow-up periods when needed to meet criterion of reporting on two or more behaviour symptoms (including one that was blinded).
†Reductions included particularly serious behaviour symptoms, including criminal activities, arrests and days incarcerated.
‡All youth had prior justice system involvement.
§All youth also met diagnostic criteria for a substance use disorder.
¶Intervention predominately self-delivered using handbooks and videos supplemented with weekly telephone coaching.
CD, conduct disorder; CBT, cognitive-behavioural training; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; SST, social skills training.