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Elevated serum levels in serum samples from patients with NSCLC and controls. Serum levels of VEGF (A), Cyfra 21-1 (B), CEA (C), and CA-125 (D) in HC (n = 119), patients with BPN (n = 136), and NSCLC (n = 180). *** P <0.0001. NS, nonsense; HC, healthy controls; BPN, benign pulmonary nodules; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; Cyfra 21-1, cytokeratin 19 fragments; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CA-125, cancer antigen 125
