Table 5.
Multilevel Model Treatment Effects Results for Emergent Literacy Outcomes (Models 2–3)
| Fixed Effects | Phono Aware | Print Know | Word Read | |||||||||||||||
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| Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||||||||
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| Coeff | p | d* | Coeff | p | d* | Coeff | p | d* | Coeff | p | d* | Coeff | p | d* | Coeff | p | d* | |
| Intercept (Gain) | 7.96 | .003 | 8.18 | .001 | −0.02 | .990 | 0.13 | .924 | 0.55 | .718 | 0.80 | .601 | ||||||
| IBR Effect | −1.62 | .354 | −.12 | −1.20 | .507 | −.09 | 0.93 | .411 | .10 | 1.50 | .198 | .16 | −1.30 | .466 | −.11 | −0.77 | .670 | −.07 |
| PA Effect | 5.45 | .003 | .39 | 5.00 | .007 | .36 | −0.24 | .836 | −.02 | −0.61 | .607 | −.06 | 1.24 | .434 | .11 | 0.98 | .533 | .09 |
| Pretest | −4.79 | <.001 | −.34 | −4.60 | .001 | −.33 | −6.77 | <.001 | −.70 | −7.06 | <.001 | −.74 | −4.13 | <.001 | −.36 | −4.60 | <.001 | −.41 |
| Class Obs: PA | 1.53 | .217 | .11 | 0.43 | .601 | .04 | 2.34 | .060 | .21 | |||||||||
| Class Obs: OL | 1.85 | .159 | .13 | 0.74 | .388 | .08 | 1.29 | .307 | .11 | |||||||||
| Class Obs: SR | −0.17 | .902 | −.01 | −1.02 | .262 | −.11 | −0.78 | .616 | −.07 | |||||||||
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| Random Effects | Var | p | Var | p | Var | p | Var | p | Var | p | Var | p | ||||||
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| Teachers | 14.77 | .110 | 14.57 | .161 | 6.41 | .129 | 7.62 | .092 | 40.45 | <.001 | 39.08 | <.001 | ||||||
| Districts | 10.60 | .057 | 4.47 | .179 | 11.65 | .002 | 7.63 | .015 | 0.03 | >.500 | 0.02 | >.500 | ||||||
| Residual | 173.01 | 172.80 | 76.44 | 74.72 | 92.65 | 87.13 | ||||||||||||
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| Model Indices | ||||||||||||||||||
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| No. Parameters | 7 | 10 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 10 | ||||||||||||
| Deviance (-2LL) | 1013 | 994 | 950 | 933 | 697 | 677 | ||||||||||||
Note. N= 13 3 students (47 Interactive Book Reading (IBR), 42 Phonological Awareness (PA), and 44 Business-as-Usual (BAU)), 57 teachers, and 8 districts. For Model 3, IBR n = 45 due to two missing Cohort 3 students’ classroom observations. Cohort 1 missing word reading outcome; thus for both models on word reading, ns = 26, 42, and 23, for IBR, PA, and BAU, respectively. Phono Aware = phonological awareness as measured by the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing Phonological Awareness subtest; Print Know = print knowledge as measured by the Test of Preschool Early Literacy Print Knowledge subtest; Word Read = word reading as measured by the Woodcock Johnson III Letter-Word Identification subtest. All tests in standard scores. Pretest = respective pretest standard score, in z-scores; Class Obs = minutes observed during classroom observation that student participated (within 60-minute period), in z-scores (PA = phonological awareness, OL = oral language, and SR = storybook reading). Observed p-values reported; significant adjusted p-values (p < 0.017) are in boldface.