Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of included studies with rhythmic gymnasts.
| Study | Participants | Training | Data source | Measured areas | Outcome | QA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Sex | Age (yrs) | Tanner stage | History (yrs) | Volume (hours/week) | |||||
| Parm et al. (2011b) | RG (46) UC (43) |
F F |
8.0±0.6 8.2±0.6 |
I I |
1-3 | 6-12 | DXA | Whole body, lumbar spine, femoral neck. | RG had higher WB aBMD, LS aBMD and FN aBMD compared to UC | 4/7 |
| Jürimäe et al. (2016*) | RG (32) UC (32) |
F F |
10.0±0.6 10.1±0.5 |
32/0/0/0/0 12/14/6/0/0 |
≥4 | 10-12 | DXA | Whole body, lumbar spine, femoral neck. | RG had higher WB aBMD, LS aBMD and FN aBMD compared to UC | 4/7 |
| Vicente-Rodriguez et al. (2007) |
RG (13) UC (13) |
F F |
10.4±0.7 9.9±0.7 |
3/10/0/0/0 2/11/0/0/0 |
3.3±1.2 | 15 | DXA | Whole body, lumbar spine, femoral neck, forearm. | RG had higher FN aBMD and FN BMC compared to UC | 4/7 |
| Võsoberg et al. ((2016) | RG (35) UC (33) |
F F |
10.9±0.6 11.2±0.5 |
8/23/4/0/0 4/15/10/4/0 |
≥5 | 6-14 | DXA | Whole body, lumbar spine, femoral neck. | RG had higher WB aBMD, LS aBMD, FN aBMD and WB BMC compared to UC | 4/7 |
| Tournis et al. (2010*) | RG (26) UC (23) |
F F |
11.3±0.2 10.9±0.1 |
10/13/3/0/0 7/12/4/0/0 |
4.3±0.3 | ≥24 | pQCT | Distal tibia. | RG had higher cortical and trabecular BMC, and trabecular vBMD compared to UC | 4/7 |
| Maimoun et al. (2013a*) | RG (20) UC (20) |
F F |
13.8±2.2 13.7±2.0 |
3/7/3/0/7 2/3/3/1/11 |
≥5 | 21.4±4.4 | DXA | Whole body, lumbar spine, femoral region, radius. | RG had higher FN aBMD compared to UC | 4/7 |
| Courteix et al. (2007*) | RG (36) UC (20) |
F F |
13.4±1.8 12.5±1.7 |
I-V | N/A | 18.1±3.3 | DXA | Whole body, lumbar spine | RG had higher WB aBMD and LS aBMD compared to UC | 5/7 |
| Maimoun et al. (2013b*) | RG (24) UC (24) |
F F |
13.9±1.7 14.4±1.8 |
4/4/6/4/6 1/1/2/2/18 |
6.8±1.3 | 23.0±2.7 | DXA | Whole body, lumbar spine, femoral neck, forearm | RG had higher WB aBMD and FN aBMD compared to UC | 5/7 |
| Gruodyte et al. (2010a) | RG (23) UC (33) |
F F |
14.3±1.0 14.2±1.1 |
0/1/7/11/4 0/1/5/23/4 |
6.5±1.8 | 9.6±4.9 | DXA | Lumbar spine, femoral neck | RG had higher LS aBMD and FN aBMD compared to UC | 4/7 |
| Munoz et al. (2004*) | RG (9) UC (14) |
F F |
16.2±2.0 16.9±1.0 |
V V |
≥5 | ≥20 | DXA | Lumbar spine, femoral neck, forearm | RG had higher FN aBMD and lower FA aBMD compared to UC | 4/7 |
Tanner stage: when presented by Roman numbers, it represents what Tanner stages participants were, without specifying the number of participants in each Tanner stage; when presented by Arabic numbers, it represents the number of participants in each Tanner stage acoordingly: I/II/III/IV/V.
* These studies have also measured bone turnover values. aBMD areal bone mineral density, BA bone area, BMC bone mineral content, DXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, F female, FN femoral neck, FA forearm, LS lumbar spine, M male, N/A not available, pQCT peripheral quantitative computed tomography, QA quality assessment, RG rhythmic gymnasts, UC untrained controls, vBMD volumetric bone mineral density, WB whole body.