. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 14.

Published in final edited form as: Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2014 Jan 9;8(3):286–291. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2013.12.013

Table 2.

Quality of writhing and fidgety GMs in 25 children later diagnosed with ASD (including two children diagnosed with PDD-NOS). Ten individuals were recorded longitudinally and could be assessed for writhing and fidgety movements. Assessments were carried out either retrospectively using family videos (^aPhagava et al., 2008) or prospectively on various at risk groups for maldevelopment (^bHadders-Algra et al., 2009; ^cPalchik et al. 2013; ^dYuge et al., 2011)

Case^Reference	Writhing GMs (Term Age to 2 Months)	Fidgety GMs (3 to 5 Months)	Comment
1^a	N	–	Family video
2^b	N	Mildly abnormal*	Prospective study, PDD-NOS
3^a	N	F-	Family video
4^a	–	N	Family video
5^a	–	N	Family video
6^a	–	N	Family video
7^a	–	N	Family video
8^a	–	N	Family video
9^a	–	N	Family video
10^d	–	N	Prospective study, PDD-NOS
11^a	PR	N	Family video
12^a	PR	N	Family video
13^a	PR	–	Family video
14^a	PR	–	Family video
15^c	–	AF	Prospective study
16^a	–	AF	Family video
17^a	–	AF	Family video
18^a	–	AF	Family video
19^a	–	AF	Family video
20^a	PR	AF	Family video
21^c	PR	AF	Prospective study
22^c	CS	AF	Prospective study
23^a	–	F-	Family video
24^a	–	F-	Family video
25^a	–	F-	Family video

Abbreviations: N = Normal; PR = Poor Repertoire GMs, CS = Cramped Synchronised GMs, AF = Abnormal Fidgety movements; F- = Absence of Fidgety movements, – = not assessed during this epoch; PDD-NOS = pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified; *= according to Hadders-Algra et al. (1997) ‘mildly abnormal GMs’ lack fluency but still show some movement complexity and variation.