Table 3.

Sample C (see also Table 1).

Test	Participants N	t-test	p	Cohen’s d
Ebbinghaus	209	t(203) = 0.04	0.96	0.01
Müller-Lyer	253	t(249) = 0.24	0.81	0.02
Ponzo	173	t(170) = −3.15	0.002*	0.24
Ponzo-Hallway	194	t(186) = −0.29	0.77	0.27
Tilt	200	t(187) = 1.27	0.21	0.11

Independent t-test results for the five visual illusions. Cohen’s d was calculated using the pooled standard deviation. We found that females were more susceptible to the Ponzo illusion than males.