Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the NGT and GDM participants
| Variable | NGT (n = 230) | GDM (n = 141) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 29 (25, 32) | 29 (26, 32.50) | 0.529 |
| Pregestational body mass index(kg/m2) | 21.604 (19.835, 23.438) | 22.039 (19.988, 23.673) | 0.271 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 110 (104, 120) | 112 (102, 120) | 0.267 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70 (65, 75) | 70 (65.50, 78) | 0.353 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 58 (48, 69.25) | 59.5 (49, 70) | 0.321 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 14 (10, 22) | 13 (10, 21.50) | 0.651 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 18.50 (16, 23) | 19 (15, 24) | 0.840 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 46.98 ± 6.18 | 46.67 ± 6.66 | 0.631 |
| eGFR (mL/min 1.73 m2) | 148.87 (135.42, 170.03) | 153.45 (133.89, 169.01) | 0.832 |
| Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 4.71 (4.50, 4.90) | 4.90 (4.60, 5.20) | 0.001** |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 4.30 (4.00, 4.50) | 4.90 (4.40, 5.90) | < 0.001** |
| 1 h-PG (mmol/L) | 6.60 (5.70, 7.80) | 9.50 (7.60, 10.90) | < 0.001** |
| 2 h-PG (mmol/L) | 6.05 (5.30, 6.80) | 8.50 (6.10, 9.20) | < 0.001** |
| AUC for glucose (mmol/L h) | 11.88 ± 1.83 | 15.85 ± 2.93 | < 0.001** |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.27 (1.79, 2.91) | 2.39 (1.91, 2.97) | 0.241 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.17 (5.64, 6.92) | 6.00 (5.27, 6.93) | 0.097 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.67 (1.53, 1.88) | 1.67 ± 0.29 | 0.269 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.91 ± 0.74 | 3.00 ± 0.88 | 0.569 |
| FINS (mU/L) | 8.68 (5.89, 12.94) | 10.26 (6.63, 15.46) | 0.011* |
| 1 h-INS (mU/L) | 62.67 (43.77, 89.78) | 74.23 (48.65, 117.00) | 0.020* |
| 2 h-INS (mU/L) | 60.74 (40.45, 84.73) | 83.925 (52.01, 134.00) | < 0.001** |
| AUC for insulin (mU/L h) | 100.45 (70.13, 136.29) | 126.81 (84.55, 184.60) | 0.001** |
| HOMA-β | 248 (173.50, 367) | 169.10 (93.39, 255.72) | < 0.001** |
| HOMA-IR | 1.65 (1.10, 2.49) | 2.24 (1.45, 3.84) | < 0.001** |
| Stumvoll 1st phase insulin secretion index | 1393.88 (1243.77, 1714.35) | 1176.93 (863.62, 1660.09) | 0.001** |
| Stumvoll 2nd phase insulin secretion index | 173.09 (139.07, 194.36) | 80.79 (33.51, 141.23) | 0.067 |
Values are presented as the mean ± SD or medians (interquartile range)
eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, FPG fasting plasma glucose, 1 h-PG 1-h postprandial glucose, 2 h-PG 2-h postprandial glucose, AUC for glucose area under the glucose–time curve from the 2-h OGTT, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, FINS fasting insulin, 1 h-INS 1-h postprandial insulin, 2 h-INS 2-h postprandial insulin, AUC for insulin area under the insulin–time curve from the 2-h OGTT, HOMA-β homeostasis model assessment index of β-cell secretion, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
*Significantly different compared to NGT at p < 0.05
**Significantly different compared to NGT at p < 0.01