Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Studies in alphabetic order | Instruments | Sample size | Mean age in years (SD) | Male (%) | DM1/DM2 (% of total sample) | Country in which study was performed | Setting | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Awata et al. [23] | WHO-5 | 129 65 (criterion validity) |
54 (10) | 55 | 16/84 | Japan | University hospital | Japanese |
| Carter et al. [42] | CES-D | 305 | 56.9 (11.1) | 45 | 1/100 | Canada | Rehabilitation institute | English |
| de Cock et al. [24] | EDS | 1656 | 65/67 (10/10.6)a | 50 | 0/100 | The Netherlands | Primary care | Dutch |
| Hajos et al. [25] | WHO-5 | 933 | 53.4 | 49 | 41/59 | The Netherlands | Hospital outpatient clinic | Dutch |
| Hsu et al. [26] | CUDOS | 214 | 62.6 (13.2) | 45 | 0/100 | Taiwan | University hospital outpatient clinics | Chinese |
| Janssen et al. [43] | PHQ-9 | 793 | 62.4 (7.7) | 67 | 0/100 | The Netherlands | Community-based sample | Dutch |
| Kokoszka [27] | DDSRS | 101 | 63 (11) | 50 | 0/100 | Poland | Medical University | Polish |
| Lamers et al. [28] | PHQ-9 | 365 (internal consistency, criterion validity) 226 (hypothesis testing) 27 (reliability) |
71 (6.9)b | 52b | 0/100 | The Netherlands | Primary care | Dutch |
| Lehman et al. [29] | CES-D | 151 | 56 (10) | 46 | 0/100 | Turkey | University hospital outpatient clinics | Turkish |
| Lloyd et al. [30] | PHQ-9, WHO-5 | 24 | 55 | 50 | 0/100 | UK (Bangladeshi and Pakistani) | Hospital outpatient clinic | Sylheti, Mirpuri |
| Papageorgiou et al. [31] | McSad | 114 | 44 (14.1) | 22 | ?/?c | The Netherlands | Members of a diabetes patient organisation | Dutch |
| Rankin et al. [32] | CES-D | 30 | range 46 thru 80 | 57 | 0/100 | United States | Comprehensive health care centre | Chinese |
| Reddy et al. [33] | PHQ-9, HADS-D | 462 (PHQ-9)/561 (HADS-D) | 70 | 55 | 0/100 | Australia | Primary care | English |
| Sousa et al. [34] | DCS | 40 | 29.25 (10.23) | 30 | ?/?c | Brazil | Convenience sample | Portuguese |
| Sousa et al. [35] | DCS | 82 | 61.28 (11.37) | 35 | ?/?c | Brazil | Primary care | Portuguese |
| Stahl et al. [37] | CES-D | 522 (internal consistency) 291 (criterion validity) |
55(13) | – | 3.5/96.5 | USA | Hospital diabetes centre | Chinese, Malay, Indian |
| Sultan and Fisher [36] | CES-D | 502 | 53.6 (8.8) | 54 | 0/100 | USA | Community based sample | English, Spanisch |
| Zauszniewski et al. [38] | CES-D | 80 | 82 | 30 | 0/100 | USA | Hospital | English |
| Zauszniewski and Graham [39] | DCS | 83 | 46 | 0 | ?/?c | USA | Hospital | English |
| Zhang et al. [40] | PHQ-9 | 586 (internal consistency) 40 (reliability) 99 (criterion validity) |
55.1 (9.5) | 59 | 0/100 | China | Hospital outpatient clinic | Chinese |
| Zhang et al. [41] | CES-D | 545 (internal consistency, structural validity) 40 (reliability) 97 (criterion validity) |
54.6 (9.5) | 59 | 0/100 | China | Hospital outpatient clinic | Chinese |
CES-D Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, CUDOS Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale, DCS Depression Cognition Scale, DDSRS Depression in Diabetes Self-Rating Scale, DM1 diabetes mellitus type 1, DM2 diabetes mellitus type 2, EDS Edinburgh Depression Scale, HADS-D Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-depression, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9, SD standard deviation, UK United Kingdom, USA United States of America, WHO-5 World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index
aMean and standard deviation reported separately for male/female participants
bCharacteristics of the total cohort in the study (not only diabetes patients) (N = 713)
cNo details were reported on the number of type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients. However, the total sample consisted of 100% diabetes patients (either type 1 or type 2)