Table 3.
Characteristics of the included questionnaires
| Name | Construct aimed to be measured | Target population | # Items | Subscales | Score range (item level) | Score range (total) | Usual cut-points for depression | Administration time (min) | Recall period |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CES-D | Level of depressive symptomatology | General population | 20 | NA | 0–3 | 0–60 | ≥ 16 | 5–10 | 1 week |
| CUDOS | Depressive symptoms | General population | 18 | NA | 0–4 | 0–72 | 0–10: no depression 11–20: minimal 21–30: mild 31–45: moderate > 45: severe |
3 | 1 week |
| DCS | Depressive cognitions | Older adults | 8 | NA | 0–5 | 0–40 | ≥ 7a | Not specified | NA |
| DDSRS | Depressive symptoms | Diabetes patients | 6 | NA | 0–4 | 0–24 | 0–2 low severitya 3–10 severea 11–24 high severitya |
< 5 | 1 week |
| EDS | Depressive symptoms | Originally: women, post natal Later: several different patient groups |
10 | NA | 0–3 | 0–30 | 0–8 not depressed 9–11 minor depression ≥ 12/13 major depression |
A few minutes | 1 week |
| HADS | Depression/anxiety | Hospital outpatients | 14 (7 in every subscale) | Depression anxiety | 0–3 | 0–42 (0–21 in every subscale) | 8–10 on depression subscale | 2–5 | 1 week |
| McSad | Major unipolar depression for valuation purposes | General population | 6 (1 per subscale) | Emotion self-appraisal Cognition physiology Behavior Role function |
1–4 | Classification into 1 of 4096 descriptive profiles. In current study a total score of 0–24 is used | Not specified | A few minutes | 1 week |
| PHQ-9 | Symptoms of major depressive disorder | Primary care patients | 9 | NA | 0–3 | 0–27 | 0–4: no depression 5–9: minimal 10–14: mild 15–19: moderate ≥ 20: severe |
Within minutes | 2 weeks |
| WHO-5 | Emotional well-being (and later depression) | General population | 5 | NA | 0–5 | 0–25 | ≤ 13 | < 5 | 2 weeks |
CES-D Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, CUDOS Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale, DCS Depression Cognition Scale, DDSRS Depression in Diabetes Self-Rating Scale, EDS Edinburgh Depression Scale, HADS-D Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression, NA not applicable, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9, WHO-5 World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index
aNo usual cut-off points specified, but cut-off points resulted from analyses in included studies