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. 2018 May 14;9:1893. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04276-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Fundamental differences between dielectric waveguides on an SOI platform. a Strip waveguide; b photonic crystal waveguide; c slot waveguide; d e-skid waveguide. The skin-depth in the cladding of e-skid waveguide is shorter compared to the other structures due to the strong effective anisotropy of the multilayer cladding. This counterintuitive approach can have a cladding with a higher average index than the core and marks a departure from interference-based confinement as in photonic crystal waveguides or slot waveguides which utilize nanoscale field enhancement