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. 2018 May 8;9:533. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00533

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Copyright © 2018 Al-Mozaini, Tsolaki, Abdul-Aziz, Abozaid, Al-Ahdal, Pathan, Murugaiah, Makarov, Kaur, Sim, Kishore and Kouser.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Temporal mRNA expression profile of cytokines produced by THP-1 cells incubated with different concentrations of properdin and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. (A) Pro-inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12; (B) anti-inflammatory cytokines: TGF-β and IL-10. The expression of each cytokine was measured using qPCR, and the relative expression [relative quantification (RQ)] calculated by normalizing the data using human 18S rRNA expression as a control. The RQ value was calculated using the formula: RQ = 2^−ΔΔCt. Assays were conducted twice in triplicates. Error bars represent SD. A two-way ANOVA test was performed on the data to determine significant differences in expression of cytokine production by properdin. All comparisons were significant (p < 0.05), unless where shown (ns, not significant, p > 0.05).