Table 1.

Changes in metabolic and vascular biomarkers before and after consumption with either nitrate-rich or nitrate-depleted (placebo) beetroot juice for 1 week.

	Placebo		Inorganic nitrate
	Baseline	End	Baseline	End	Main effect
Glucose (mmol/l)	5.58 ± 0.61	5.46 ± 0.35	5.38 ± 0.45	5.43 ± 0.35	0.41
Insulin (pmol/l)	34.80 ± 22.20	33.40 ± 19.20	35.32 ± 21.26	33.36 ± 15.45	0.95
HOMA-IR	1.47 ± 0.97	1.36 ± 0.70	1.41 ± 0.93	1.36 ± 0.81	0.88
Interleukin-6 (pg/ml)	3.24 ± 7.24	3.08 ± 5.48	2.80 ± 5.66	3.13 ± 7.54	0.47
cGMP (pmol/ml)	33.27 ± 13.71	35.01 ± 12.02	36.28 ± 13.33	33.90 ± 15.95	0.30
Endothelin-1 (pmol/ml)	1.32 ± 0.02	1.37 ± 0.24	1.39 ± 0.28	1.39 ± 0.31	0.59
E-Selectin (pg/ml)	25.26 ± 12.49	24.42 ± 13.18	29.37 ± 9.65	28.76 ± 8.66	0.96
P-Selectin (pg/ml)	68.75 ± 33.30	62.94 ± 34.88	78.57 ± 24.77	81.98 ± 23.74	0.49
Thrombomodulin (ng/ml)	12.92 ± 5.93	12.03 ± 6.37	15.18 ± 4.04	14.64 ± 3.87	0.89
ICAM-3 (pg/ml)	5.80 ± 2.69	5.47 ± 2.97	6.67 ± 2.11	6.49 ± 2.28	0.89
3-NT (ng/ml)	356.44 ± 360.03	294.24 ± 349.94	208.10 ± 259.54	216.01 ± 201.44	0.37

Data presented as mean ± SD. HOMA-IR: homeostatic model for the assessment of insulin resistance; cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate; ICAM-3: intercellular adhesion molecule 3; 3-NT: 3 nitro-tyrosine.