Table 1.

Pharmacological modalities to reduce risk of gastric preneoplastic lesions and/or cancer

References	Drugs	Study design	Number of subjects	Results
You et al[92], 2006	Vitamin and garlic supplement	Randomized controlled trial	3365	No protective effect
Leung et al[56], 2006	Rofecoxib	Randomized controlled trial	213	Regression of IM: (a) antrum (24.5% vs 26.9% for placebo) (b) corpus (4.3% vs 2.2% for placebo)
Wong et al[57], 2012	Celecoxib	Randomized controlled trial	1024	OR of IM regression: (a) celecoxib alone (OR = 1.72; 95%CI: 1.07-2.76) (b) H. pylori eradication followed by celecoxib (OR = 1.48; 95%CI: 0.91-2.40)
Cheung et al[53], 2018	Aspirin	Population-based retrospective cohort study	63605	PS-adjusted HR of GC: 0.30 (95%CI: 0.15-0.61)
Cheung et al[42], 2018	Proton pump inhibitors	Population-based retrospective cohort study	63397	PS-adjusted HR of GC: 2.44 (95%CI: 1.42-4.20)

IM: Intestinal metaplasia; OR: Odds ratio; PS: Propensity score; HR: Hazard ratio; GC: Gastric cancer.