Fig. 3.

Identification of cytokines released into the culture media and effects of GABA treatment on the PBMCs cytokine secretion. (a) Screening of 92 cytokines in media from PBMCs from ND individuals or from T1D individuals, by Olink Multiplex PEA inflammation panel I, revealed expression of 63 cytokines. No GABA was added to the media. Data are represented by 2^NPX values as floating bars (minimum to maximum) arranged in descending order of mean expression level of cytokines. Insert show cytokines with significant change in the expression levels in the media of PBMCs from ND individuals as compared with T1D individuals. Data are plotted as a bar graph with mean ± SEM. (b-c) Expression of cytokines that are significantly affected by GABA 100 nM treatment of PBMCs from (b) ND individuals and from (c) T1D individuals. Data are represented by 2^NPX values normalized to controls as a bar graph with mean ± SEM. Mean values with SEM and p values are shown in Tables S6 and S7. (d) Classification based on the cellular functions of cytokines that were significantly altered by GABA 100 nM treatment of PBMCs from ND individuals (16 cytokines) and from T1D individuals (49 cytokines).