Fig. 4.

Identification of cytokines released into the culture media and effects of GABA treatment on CD4⁺ T cells cytokine secretion (a) Screening of 92 cytokines in culture media from GABA non-responder and from GABA responder CD4⁺ T cells, by Olink Multiplex PEA inflammation panel I, revealed expression of 64 cytokines. No GABA was added to the media. Data are represented by 2^NPX values as floating bars (minimum to maximum) arranged in descending order of mean expression level of cytokines. Insert show cytokines with significant change in the expression levels in the media of GABA non-responder and GABA responder CD4⁺ T cells. Data are plotted as a bar graph with mean ± SEM. (b-c) Cytokines with significant change in the expression levels after (b) 100 nM GABA or (c) 500 nM GABA treatment of non-responder and responder CD4⁺ T cells, and then in the presence of GABA plus 100 μM picrotoxin (lower panel b, c). Mean and SEM for CXCL11, CCL19 and CCL20 are 1.55 ± 0.51, 1.72 ± 0.74, 1.43 ± 0.51, respectively. Data are represented by 2^NPX values normalized to controls as a bar graph with mean ± SEM. Mean values with SEM and p values are shown in Tables S8, S9. (d) Classification based on the cellular functions of cytokines that were significantly altered by GABA 100 nM (27 cytokines) and GABA 500 nM (25 cytokines) treatment of responder CD4⁺ T cells from ND individuals.