Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of patients with T2DM and their matched non-diabetic controls separately for each ethnic group
| White European (296,288) | African-Caribbean (16,958) | South Asian (28,380) | Overall n (341,626) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2DM | Control | T2DM | Control | T2DM | Control | T2DM | Control | |
| Patientsa | 60,233 (20) | 236,055 (80) | 3425 (20) | 13,533 (80) | 5778 (20) | 22,602 (80) | 69,436 (20) | 272,190 (80) |
| Age at index (years)b | 58 (58.2, 58.4) | 58 (58.3, 58.4) | 49 (48.2, 49.0) | 49 (48.4, 48.8) | 47 (46.3, 46.9) | 47 (46.4, 46.7) | 57 (56.8, 57.0) | 57 (56.8, 56.9) |
| Age groupsa | ||||||||
| 18–40 | 4530 (8) | 17,912 (8) | 744 (22) | 2932 (22) | 1707 (30) | 6685 (30) | 6981 (10) | 27,529 (10) |
| 41–50 | 11,297 (19) | 44,306 (19) | 1278 (37) | 5063 (37) | 2097 (36) | 8196 (36) | 14,672 (21) | 57,565 (21) |
| 51–60 | 16,552 (28) | 65,033 (28) | 843 (25) | 3326 (25) | 1217 (21) | 4767 (21) | 18,612 (27) | 73,126 (27) |
| 61–70 | 17,010 (28) | 66,485 (28) | 415 (12) | 1641 (12) | 559 (10) | 2185 (10) | 17,984 (26) | 70,311 (26) |
| 71+ | 10,844 (18) | 42,319 (18) | 145 (4) | 571 (4) | 198 (3) | 769 (3) | 11,187 (16) | 43,659 (16) |
| Malea | 34,342 (57) | 134,630 (57) | 1778 (52) | 7040 (52) | 3232 (56) | 1,2631 (56) | 39,352 (57) | 154,301 (57) |
| Current smokersa | 12,830 (21) | 46,926 (20) | 449 (13) | 1984 (15) | 820 (14) | 2839 (13) | 14,099 (20) | 51,749 (19) |
| Ex-smokersa | 23,196 (39) | 80,860 (34) | 614 (18) | 2066 (15) | 756 (13) | 2605 (12) | 24,566 (35) | 85,531 (31) |
| Deprivation status | ||||||||
| Highest affluencea | 12,856 (21) | 41,726 (18) | 833 (24) | 3548 (26) | 1483 (26) | 5586 (25) | 15,172 (22) | 50,860 (19) |
| Lowest affluencea | 2500 (4) | 11,462 (5) | 457 (13) | 1595 (12) | 518 (9) | 1989 (9) | 3475 (5) | 15,046 (6) |
| HbA1c (%),bd | 8.2 (8.2, 8.2) | 9.1 (9.0, 9.2) | 8.5 (8.4, 8.6) | 8.3 (8.3, 8.3) | ||||
| Weight (kg)b | 92.9 (92.8, 93.1) | 78.7 (78.5, 78.8) | 88.7 (87.9, 89.4) | 81.6 (81.0, 82.1) | 79.2 (78.7, 79.8) | 72.2 (71.8, 72.5) | 91.7 (91.5, 91.9) | 78.3 (78.2, 78.4) |
| BMI (kg/m2)b | 32.6 (32.6, 32.7) | 27.8 (27.8, 27.8) | 31.5 (31.3, 31.7) | 28.2 (28.1, 28.2) | 29.6 (29.5, 29.8) | 26.3 (26.3, 26.4) | 32.3 (32.3, 32.4) | 27.7 (27.7, 27.7) |
| Normal weighta | 4242 (7) | 29,128 (12) | 359 (11) | 1174 (9) | 360 (6) | 1517 (7) | 4961 (7) | 31,819 (12) |
| Overweighta | 14,446 (24) | 178,671 (76) | 842 (25) | 10,611 (78) | 1505 (26) | 16,750 (74) | 16,793 (24) | 206,032 (76) |
| Obesea | 41,545 (69) | 28,256 (12) | 2224 (65) | 1748 (13) | 3913 (68) | 4335 (19) | 47,682 (69) | 34,339 (13) |
| SBP (mmHg)b | 140 (139.7, 140) | 136 (135.6, 135.8) | 136 (135.7, 137.2) | 133 (132.3, 133.3) | 132 (131.0, 132.1) | 128 (127.7, 128.5) | 139 (138.9, 139.2) | 135 (135, 135.2) |
| SBP ≥ 140 mmHga | 24,571 (41) | 46,081 (20) | 1029 (30) | 1624 (12) | 1302 (23) | 1926 (9) | 26,902 (39) | 49,631 (18) |
| LDL (mg/dl)b | 119 (118.6, 119) | 122.3 (122.2, 122.3) | 127 (126.4, 128.3) | 128.7 (128.4, 128.9) | 121 (120.3, 121.8) | 123.9 (123.7, 124.1) | 119 (119.2, 119.6) | 122.7 (122.7, 122.8) |
| HDL (mg/dl)b | 46 (45.6, 45.8) | 55 (55.3, 55.4) | 48 (47.4, 48.2) | 57 (56.4, 56.6) | 43 (43.1, 43.6) | 51 (51.3, 51.5) | 46 (45.5, 45.7) | 55 (55.0,55.1) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl)c | 159 (121, 213) | 115 (88, 159) | 115 (81, 159) | 82 (62, 115) | 151 (115, 204) | 115 (89, 168) | 159 (115, 213) | 115 (84, 159) |
| Comorbidities | 18,014 (30) | 46,449 (20) | 382 (11) | 963 (7) | 647 (11) | 1741 (8) | 19,043 (27) | 49,153 (18) |
| Cardio-protective drugsa | ||||||||
| Beta blockers | 17,042 (28) | 38,032 (16) | 393 (12) | 1041 (8) | 710 (12) | 1783 (8) | 18,145 (26) | 40,856 (15) |
| Calcium blockers | 13,736 (23) | 27,188 (12) | 694 (20) | 1535 (11) | 673 (12) | 1283 (6) | 15,103 (22) | 30,006 (11) |
| Statins | 18,971 (32) | 33,604 (14) | 620 (18) | 794 (6) | 1205 (21) | 1618 (7) | 20,796 (30) | 36,016 (13) |
| ACE inhibitors | 16,165 (27) | 27,922 (12) | 532 (16) | 857 (6) | 793 (14) | 1290 (6) | 17,490 (25) | 30,069 (11) |
| Follow-upc | 7.0 (4, 11) | 8.0 (4, 11) | 7.0 (4, 10) | 7.0 (4, 10) | 6.0 (3, 10) | 7.0 (4, 10) | 7.0 (4, 11) | 7.0 (4, 11) |
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme; SBP systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure; LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Comorbidities pre-existing cardiovascular (myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, angina, or coronary heart disease) or non-cardiovascular disease (renal diseases including chronic kidney disease, cancer, or depression) at the time of diagnosis
an (%)
bMean (95% CI)
cMedian (Q1, Q3)
dNot presented for non-diabetic controls