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Effects of astragalosides on TGF-β1/Smad signaling induced by CCL4 in rats. The expressions of TGF-β1, TβR-I, p-Smad 2, p-Smad 3, and Smad 7 proteins were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. AST was found to decrease the amounts of TGF-β1, TβR-I, p-Smad 2, and p-Smad 3 proteins, while the content of Smad 7 protein was increased. AST: astragalosides; LY-364947: TGF-β receptor 1 inhibitor. The values presented are the means ± SD (n = 10 in each group).
