Table 1.
RNA viruses and ligands recognized by RLR and TLR.
| RNA sensor | RNA preference | Representative viruses |
|---|---|---|
| Helicases | ||
| RIG-I | Uncapped 5′ and phosphorylated ssRNA, short dsRNA, and U/A-rich 3′ regions of viral RNA | Adenovirus, DENV, EBOV, FLUA/B, HCV, HSV, JEV, LACV, LASV, MV, NDV, NV, PIV5, Reoviridae, RSV, RV, RVFV, SeV, VSV, and WNV |
| MDA5 | Long dsRNA | Adenovirus, DENV, EBV, ECMV, enteroviruses, HCV, HSV, JEV, MV, NDV, norovirus, NV, PIV5, Reoviridae, RSV, SeV, SAFV3, TMEV, and WNV |
| LGP2∗ | dsRNA | ECMV and HCV∗ |
| DDX60 | dsRNA | HCV, RSV, and VSV |
| SNRNP200 | dsRNA | FLUA, HCV, and SeV |
| TLRs | ||
| TLR3 | dsRNA | CVB3, HSV-1, poliovirus, Reoviridae family (rotavirus), RSV, and WNV |
| TLR7 | GU- and U-rich ssRNA | DENV, EBOV, FLUA, HCV, HIV, HTLV-I, MV, poliovirus, rhinoviruses, and YFV |
| TLR8 | GU- and U-rich ssRNA | FLUA, HCV, HIV, rhinoviruses, and YFV |
CVB3: Coxsackie B virus; DENV: dengue virus; EBOV: Ebola virus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; ECMV: encephalomyocarditis virus; FLUA: influenza A virus; FLUB: influenza B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HSV: herpes simplex virus; JEV: Japanese encephalitis virus; LACV: La Crosse virus; LASV: Lassa virus; MV: measles virus; NV: Nipah virus; PIV5: parainfluenzas virus 5; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; RV: rabis virus; RVFV: Rift Valley fever virus; SAFV3: Saffold virus 3; TMEV: Theiler's virus; SeV: Sendai virus; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus; WNV: West Nile virus; YFV: yellow fever virus. ∗More studies are required to clarify the capacity of LGP2 to detect viruses including ECMV and HCV.