Table 1.

Reported cases of Halicephalobus gingivalis infection in equids between 1972 and 2017.

Year	Specie	Country	Clinical presentation	Diagnosis	Reference
1972	Horse	Egypt	Encephalitis	Post mortem	Ferris et al. (1972)
1987	Horse	United Kingdom	Encephalitis	Post mortem, morphological	Blunden et al. (1987)
1990	Horse	United States	Encephalitis, spinal cord lesions	Post mortem, morphological	Spalding et al. (1990)
1992	Horse	Scotland	Encephalitis and renal abscess	Post mortem, morphological	Angus et al. (1992)
1993	Horse	United States	Encephalitis, osteomyelitis	Morphological	Ruggles et al. (1993)
1993	Horse	United States	Encephalitis	Morphological	Trostle et al. (1993)
1993	Horse	United States	Prostitis	Morphological	Dunn et al. (1993)
1995	Horse	United States	Encephalitis	Morphological	Rames et al. (1995)
1998	Horse	Germany	Osteomyelitis gingivitis	Morphological	Teifke et al. (1998)
2000	Horses	United States	Encephalitis, nephritis	Morphological	Kinde et al. (2000)
2000	Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi)	United States	Ocular infection	Morphological	Isaza et al. (2000)
2000	Horse	Canada	Encephalitis	Post mortem, morphological	Brojer et al. (2000)
2001	Horse	United States	Encephalitis	Post mortem, morphological	Wilkins et al. (2001)
2001	Horse	United States	Encephalitis	Post mortem, morphological	Johnson et al. (2001)
2001	Horse	Canada	Encephalitis	Morphological	Pearce et al. (2001)
2004	Donkey	United States	Renal abscess	Morphological	Schmitz and Chaffin (2004)
2006	Horse	United States	Encephalitis	Post mortem, morphological	Bryant et al. (2006)
2007	Horse	Japan	Encephalitis, nephritis	PCR	Akagami et al. (2007)
2007	Horse	Brazil	Neurological sign	Post-mortem, histopathology	Vasconcelos et al. (2007)
2008	Horse	Switzerland	Prostitis	Morphological	Muller et al. (2008)
2008	Horse	Canada	Encephalitis, mandibular abscess	Morphological	Ferguson et al. (2008)
2011	Horse	United Kingdom	Encephalitis	Post mortem, morphological	Hermosilla et al. (2011)
2011	Horse	Canada	Encephalitis	Post mortem, morphological	Sponseller et al. (2011)
2012	Horse	Iceland	Encephalitis	Post mortem, morphological	Eydal et al. (2012)
2012	Horse	Italy	Encephalitis	Post mortem, morphological	Di Francesco et al. (2012)
2014	Horse	South Korea	Encephalitis	PCR	Jung et al. (2014)
2016	Horse	Romania	Encephalitis	PCR, morphological	Taulescu et al. (2016)
2016a	Cattle	Denmark	Encephalomyelitis	PCR, morphological	Enemark et al. (2016)
2017	Horse	Italy	Encephalitis	PCR, morphological	Pintore et al. (2017)

^aAn exception on the list- this is the first and so far, the only reported case of Halicephalobus gingivalis infection in dairy cattle.