TABLE 1.
Supplementation | Organism/tissue | Membrane alterations | Functional endpoints | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Diet containing DHA at 2.5% total caloric intake for 10 wk | Male Wistar rats/cardiac mitochondria | ↑ Amount of DHA and displaced AA and LA | ↓ In (18:2)4CL, no effect on respiration | (125) |
100 μM n–3 PUFA treatment for 72 h | H9c2 cardiac myoblasts | ↑ Highly unsaturated CL containing n–3 PUFAs | ↑ High-molecular-weight CL and ↓ low-molecular-weight CL | (137) |
Fusion of mitochondria with 18:0/22:6 PC vesicles | 4-wk-old male mice/liver mitochondria | ↓ In DHA and viscosity | ↓ RCI and membrane potential and ↑ proton movement | (148) |
10% Menhaden oil for 3 wk | 2-mo or 21-mo CBA/ca female mice/liver mitochondria | ↑ In EPA and DHA and ↓ in AA; DHA was primarily associated with PE and PC | ↑ Age-related mitochondrial dysfunction | (148) |
DHA ethyl esters (2% of energy) | C57BL/6 obese mice | ↓ Formation of membrane domains | ↓ In enzyme activity | (150) |
n–3 Complete: 2 g EPA and 1 g DHA/d for 12 wk | Recreationally active men aged 22.7 ± 0.8 y/subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria | ↑ In EPA/DHA in PC and PE but not in CL | ↑ Sensitivity to ADP and ROS but not in oxidant products | (151) |
Diet containing DHA or EPA at 2.5% total caloric intake for 8 wk | Male Wistar rats/cardiac mitochondria | ↑ EPA/DHA and ↓ AA | ↓ Ca2+-induced opening of the MPTP and swelling | (152) |
11.5 g Menhaden fish oil/100 g for 2 wk | Male Sprague-Dawley rats/colonic crypt mitochondria | ↑ In unsaturation index of CL, PE, and PC | ↑ ROS- initiated apoptotic cascade | (153) |
20% wt:vol Menhaden fish oil for 4 wk | Male Sprague-Dawley rats/renal cortical mitochondria | ↓ In OA, LA, and AA and ↑ in EPA and DHA | ↑ In PLA2 activity and mitochondrial damage via ROS; ↓ in state 3 respiration and complex I | (154) |
15% (wt:wt) fish-oil or EPA and DHA pure ethyl ester diet for 2 wk | Male Sprague-Dawley rats/colonic crypt mitochondria | ↑ In EPA and DHA at the expense of AA and LA | ↓ In membrane potential and ↑ in caspase 3 activity | (155) |
20% Fish-oil diet–12% tuna oil and 8% sardine oil for 12 wk | Wistar male rats/liver mitochondria | ↓ In viscosity | ↑ Membrane potential, respiration, and complex V activity; ↓ complex III and IV activity | (156) |
AA, arachidonic acid (20:4); CL, cardiolipin; LA, linoleic acid (18:2); MPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; OA, oleic acid (18:1); PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PLA2, phospholipase A2; RCI, Respiratory Control Index; ROS, reactive oxygen species; (18:2)4CL, tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin; ↑, increase/increased; ↓, decrease/decreased.