Table 1.

A summary of current available endoscopic procedures for colitis-associated colorectal cancer surveillance

Type of endoscopy	Clinical application	Limitations	References
Standard white-light endoscopy (with ramdom biopsies)	Increases dysplasia detection rate	Longer procedure times and cost	[24–26]
High-definition endoscopy (with targeted biopsies)	Provides images of substantially higher resolution for dysplasia detection	Cost	[31]
Chromoendoscopy (with targeted biopsies)	Contrast dye highlights irregularities in the mucosal architecture	Requirement for specialized equipment, additional training and longer procedure time	[30, 32, 33]
Fujinon intelligent colour enhancement and i-Scan digital contrast	Enhances subtle changes of the mucosal surface	Limited relevant data	[34, 35]
Narrow-band imaging	Enhances mucosal surface contrast	Lower sensitivity to detect dysplasia	[36]
Confocal laser endomicroscopy	Makes real-time microscopy available in vivo during examination	Longer procedure time, the need for extra equipment and training, and requirement for interpreting the images	[38–40]
Full-spectrum endoscopy	Increases visual field to increase mucosal visualization	Longer withdrawal and total procedure time	[41]