TABLE 4.

Summary of preclinical studies of saturated fat and endotoxemia¹

Outcome	Model	Treatment(s) and control	Endotoxin	Inflammatory markers included	Reference
High-saturated fat diet increased proportion of gram-negative gut microbiomes and increased endotoxemia	C57BL/6J mice	Control—standard murine dietTreatment—72% energy from fat (corn oil and lard), 28% energy from protein, and >1% energy from carbohydrate	↑2	TNF↑, IL-1↑, IL-6↑, plasminogen activator inhibitor↑	Cani et al. (20)
Chronic high-saturated fat diet increased metabolic endotoxemia	C57BL/6, Myd88−/−, Trif−/−, Tlr4−/−, and Tlr2−/− mice	Treatments—45% of energy from fish oil or lard	↑2	TNF↑	Caesar et al. (23)
Saturated fat increased postprandial endotoxemia and treatment of ileal epithelium increased permeability to LPS	Pig	Control—porridge made with 50 mL waterTreatments—porridge made with 50 mL of fish oil, vegetable oil, or coconut oil	↑3	None	Mani et al. (24)
Arabinoxylan supplementation resulted in less fat mass development, better insulin sensitivity, greater gut integrity, less endotoxemia, less inflammation, a bloom of Bifidobacterium, cecal and colon enlargement, and an increase in colonic expression of genes related to SCFA response	C57BL/6J mice	Control—high-fat (60% of energy)Treatment—high-fat diet supplemented with 7.5% (wt:wt) arabinoxylan extract	↓2	TNF↔, IL-1↔, IL-6↓, monocyte chemoattractant protein↔	Neyrinck et al. (93)

¹LAL, Limulus amebocyte lysate; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; ↔, even.

²Measured using the LAL assay.

³Assessed using the PyroGene rFC Assay, Lonza, Switzerland.