TCA cycle metabolites accumulation is independent of aerobic glycolysis contrary to mitochondrial ROS production.
(a) BMDMs were incubated in in medium containing glucose or galactose for 1 h, followed by stimulation with IFN-γ for 24 h. Lysed cells were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy to determine metabolite levels. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. NS no significant difference. The data represent mean ± sem (n = 4).
(b) MitoSOX staining of Raw264.7 cells simulated with IFN-γ for 24 h in medium containing glucose or galactose. Data are representative of two independent experiments.
(c) MitoSOX FACS analysis of BMDMs simulated with IFN-γ for 24 h in medium containing glucose or galactose. Data are representative of two independent experiments.