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. 2018 Feb 13;30:303–316. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.02.009

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© 2018 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 7 — 2-DG reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines production in human monocytes/macrophages.

(a) Immunoblot analysis of specified proteins in human monocytes after stimulation with IFN-γ for indicated time intervals, ±1 hour pre-treatment with 2-DG (10 mM).

(b) Immunoblot analysis of specified proteins in human macrophages after stimulation with IFN-γ for indicated time intervals, ±1 hour pre-treatment with 2-DG (10 mM).

(c) Conceptual outline. Under resting conditions, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) dominates macrophage cell metabolism even though a baseline level of aerobic glycolysis is present.

(d) Conceptual outline. Under conditions of M1 macrophage activation with IFN-γ, aerobic glycolysis is markedly increased and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is markedly decreased. ATP generated from aerobic glycolysis feeds into the JAK-STAT1 signaling pathway and iNOS expression whereas the mitochondrial metabolic derangement feeds into reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, HIF-1α stabilization, and IL-1β expression.