Fig. 1.

Hippurate induces endothelial dysfunction via excessive mitochondrial ROS in vitro. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were treated with hippurate (1–4 mmol/l) for 12–48 h, in the presence or absence of mitochondrially targeted antioxidant MitoTEMPO (20 μmol/l). A time-dependent (A-C) and dose-dependent (D-F) changes in the protein and mRNA levels of eNOS, ICAM-1 and vWF. The levels of protein and mRNA expression were normalized relative to non-treatment group (control). (G-I) MitoTEMPO increased eNOS and decreased ICAM-1, vWF at both protein and mRNA levels. *P < 0.05 vs. control, #P < 0.05 vs. 4 mmol/l 48 h hippurate.