Table 5.

The subgroup analysis of the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) based on the different serum insulin levels at baseline for the participants who were not treated with exogenous insulin

Subgroup 1 FINS≥17.2 mU/L	LGI group (n=4)	EABCF group (n=4)	p-value
FINS (mU/L)
Baseline	29.52±17.69	17.91±0.47	0.281
4 weeks	24.67±22.63	15.58±4.58	0.485
Change from baseline	−4.85 (−47.73 to 38.03)	−2.34 (−10.36 to 5.69)	0.860
Ln FINS (mU/L)
Baseline	3.27 (2.40 to 4.13)	2.89 (2.84 to 2.93)	0.258
4 weeks	2.92 (1.57 to 4.27)	2.71 (2.26 to 3.17)	0.660
Change from baseline	−0.34 (−1.61 to 0.92)	−0.17 (−0.67 to 0.32)	0.698
Ln HOMA-IR (μU×mol/L2)
Baseline	2.19 (1.05 to 3.33)	1.75 (1.47 to 2.02)	0.308
4 weeks	1.71 (0.10 to 3.31)	1.57 (0.97 to 2.16)	0.804
Change from baseline	−0.48 (−1.73 to 0.76)	−0.18 (−0.95 to 0.59)	0.534
Ln HOMA-IS (L2/μU×mol)
Baseline	−2.19 (−3.33 to −1.05)	−1.75 (−2.02 to −1.47)	0.308
4 weeks	−1.71 (−3.31 to −0.10)	−1.57 (−2.16 to −0.97)	0.804
Change from baseline	0.48 (−0.76 to 1.73)	0.18 (−0.59 to 0.95)	0.534
Ln HOMA-β (%)
Baseline	4.88 (4.04 to 5.71)	4.59 (4.09 to 5.08)	0.383
4 weeks	4.79 (3.90 to 5.68)	4.43 (4.06 to 4.80)	0.281
Change from baseline	−0.09 (−1.38 to 1.20)	−0.16 (−0.35 to 0.03)	0.868
Subgroup 2 5.2≤FISN<17.2 mU/L	LGI group (n=33)	EABCF group (n=30)	p-value
FINS (mU/L)
Baseline	9.89±3.17	10.31±3.20	0.598
4 weeks	9.19±3.34	8.60±3.10	0.474
Change from baseline	−0.70 (−1.66 to 0.26)	−1.71 (−2.56 to −0.86)	0.115
Ln FINS (mU/L)
Baseline	2.24 (2.12 to 2.36)	2.28 (2.16 to 2.41)	0.582
4 weeks	2.15 (2.01 to 2.29)	2.08 (1.92 to 2.23)	0.491
Change from baseline	−0.09 (−0.20 to 0.02)	−0.21 (−0.32 to −0.09)	0.126
Ln HOMA-IR (μU×mol/L2)
Baseline	1.22 (1.05 to 1.39)	1.30 (1.16 to 1.44)	0.487
4 weeks	1.09 (0.92 to 1.26)	1.05 (0.87 to 1.23)	0.723
Change from baseline	−0.13 (−0.26 to 0)	−0.25 (−0.41 to −0.09)	0.222
Ln HOMA-IS (L2/μU×mol)
Baseline	−1.22 (−1.39 to −1.05)	−1.30 (−1.44 to −1.16)	0.487
4 weeks	−1.09 (−1.26 to −0.92)	−1.05 (−1.23 to −0.87)	0.723
Change from baseline	0.13 (0 to 0.26)	0.25 (0.09 to 0.41)	0.222
Ln HOMA-β (%)
Baseline	3.74 (3.58 to 3.89)	3.72 (3.53 to 3.90)	0.855
4 weeks	3.72 (3.53 to 3.92)	3.60 (3.40 to 3.80)	0.367
Change from baseline	−0.02 (−0.15 to 0.12)	−0.12 (−0.22 to −0.02)	0.238
Subgroup 3 FINS<5.2 mU/L	LGI group (n=7)	EABCF group (n=10)	p-value
FINS (mU/L)
Baseline	4.19±0.74	4.30±0.86	0.784
4 weeks	4.51±1.51	7.27±4.19	0.079
Change from baseline	0.32 (−1.28 to 1.91)	2.97 (0.15 to 5.80)	0.118
Ln FINS (mU/L)
Baseline	1.42 (1.25 to 1.59)	1.44 (1.27 to 1.60)	0.861
4 weeks	1.46 (1.16 to 1.76)	1.86 (1.49 to 2.22)	0.091
Change from baseline	0.04 (−0.31 to 0.40)	0.42 (0.10 to 0.74)	0.092
Ln HOMA-IR (μU×mol/L2)
Baseline	0.49 (0.18 to 0.80)	0.49 (0.17 to 0.80)	0.982
4 weeks	0.48 (0 to 0.97)	0.93 (0.41 to 1.45)	0.185
Change from baseline	−0.01 (−0.47 to 0.46)	0.45 (0.05 to 0.84)	0.107
Ln HOMA-IS (L2/μU×mol)
Baseline	−0.49 (−0.80 to −0.18)	−0.49 (−0.80 to −0.17)	0.982
4 weeks	−0.48 (−0.97 to 0)	−0.93 (−1.45 to −0.41)	0.185
Change from baseline	0.01 (−0.46 to 0.47)	−0.45 (−0.84 to −0.05)	0.107
Ln HOMA-β (%)
Baseline	2.76 (2.31 to 3.22)	2.82 (2.54 to 3.10)	0.780
4 weeks	2.89 (2.51 to 3.26)	3.21 (2.86 to 3.55)	0.179
Change from baseline	0.13 (−0.14 to 0.39)	0.38 (0.13 to 0.63)	0.133

Notes: Continuous variables were expressed as mean (95% confidence intervals), and p-values were calculated by the independent t-test to show the difference between groups; p<0.05 indicates that the difference between groups is statistically significant, and 0.05<p<0.1 shows a trend toward statistical significance. Ln is the natural logarithm.

Abbreviations: EABCF, extruded adzuki bean convenient food; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; LGI, low glycemic index.