Table 3.

Correlation between preoperative pain, intraoperative conditions, psychological variables, and postoperative pain

Variables	(I)	(II)	(III)	(IV)	(V)	(VI)	(VII)	(VIII)	(IX)	(X)	(XI)	(XII)	(XIII)	(XIV)	(XV)
Preop paina (I)	1.0
Chronic painb (II)	0.29**	1.0
Preop analgesics usagec (III)	0.28**	0.58**	1.0
Expected pain (IV)	0.19*	0.13	0.19*	1.0
Intraop fentanyl used (V)	−0.09	−0.07	−0.01	−0.05	1.0
N2O/O2e (VI)	−0.09	0.05	0.08	0.05	0.04	1.0
Durationf (VII)	0.03	−0.08	0.05	0.07	−0.01	−0.02	1.0
Blood lossg (VIII)	0.12	−0.05	0.08	0.04	−0.15	−0.00	0.39**	1.0
APAIS total (IX)	−0.03	−0.05	0.04	0.26**	0.12	0.00	−0.08	−0.02	1.0
APAIS anxiety (X)	−0.00	−0.05	0.04	0.26**	0.15	0.01	−0.08	−0.03	0.94**	1.0
APAIS info (XI)	0.00	−0.03	0.06	0.26**	0.06	0.03	−0.05	0.02	0.86**	0.70**	1.0
PCS (XII)	0.21*	0.30**	0.24**	0.23**	0.17	0.04	−0.13	−0.11	0.50**	0.50**	0.43**	1.0
HAM-A (XIII)	0.12	0.17*	0.24**	0.13	0.01	−0.02	0.02	0.12	0.48**	0.47**	0.40**	0.47**	1.0
HAM-D (XIV)	0.08	0.32**	0.30**	0.15	0.08	0.06	−0.02	0.03	0.27**	0.27**	0.23**	0.55**	0.67**	1.0
Epiduralh (XV)	−0.17*	−0.20*	−0.12	0.28**	0.01	−0.07	0.08	−0.07	−0.13	−0.18*	−0.09	−0.14	−0.14	−0.10	1.0
NRS 1–8	0.19*	0.13	0.21*	0.42**	−0.14	0.07	0.07	0.05	0.26**	0.26**	0.21**	0.17*	0.19*	0.13	−0.41**
NRS 12–24	0.03	0.09	0.18*	0.27**	0.00	0.04	0.01	0.08	0.35**	0.40**	0.22**	0.19*	0.29**	0.17*	−0.21**
NRS 48–72	0.08	0.14	0.23**	0.13	0.00	0.15	−0.03	−0.03	0.27**	0.31**	0.15	0.26**	0.20*	0.13	0.06

Notes: (I) Preoperative pain; (II) chronic pain; (III) preoperative analgesic usage; (IV) expected pain; (V) intraop fentanyl use; (VI) N₂O/O₂; (VII) duration; (VIII) blood loss; (IX) APAIS total; (X) APAIS anxiety; (XI) APAIS info; (XII) PCS; (XIII) HAM-A; (XIV) HAM-D; and (XV) epidural.

^aPreoperative pain at surgical site (NRS);

^bhistory of chronic pain in last 3 months;

^cthe use of analgesic during the last month before surgery (Yes = at least once every week, almost every day, every day; No = never, few times a month);

^dintraoperative use of fentanyl;

^eN₂O in anesthetic gas mixture;

^fthe duration of surgery (minutes);

^gthe surgical blood loss (mL);

^hthe presence of epidural for postoperative analgesia.

^*p<0.05;

^**p<0.01.

Abbreviations: APAIS, Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety Information Score; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; HAM-A, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAM-D, Hamilton Depression Scale; NRS, numerical rating scale.