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. 2018 May 8;9:951. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00951

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Copyright © 2018 Olaniyi, Pancotto, Grimaldi and Bagnoli.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Hla and Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) elicit the release of pro-inflammatory mediators in human skin. Human skin explants were treated with 1 µg of Hla, PVL, or a cocktail of both toxins at 1 µg each. Each bar represents the mean ± SD of three analyses from the skin of one donor. In addition, results were confirmed using skin explants from two additional donors in independent experiments (data not shown). Statistically significant differences were determined by two-way ANOVA, with Tukey’s multiple comparison tests, *p < 0.05, **p ≤ 0.001, ***p ≤ 0.0002, and ****p < 0.0001. Asterisks on bars are comparisons between untreated and treated groups while lines above bars are comparisons between groups. ^#Represents comparisons between PVL and Hla + PVL.