Table 2.
Sociodemographic characteristics for 785 urban households in four low-income neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana, by reported compound and public latrine access level
| Sociodemographic characteristics | Within-compound latrine,* N = 199 | Public latrine, N = 586 | P value† |
|---|---|---|---|
| Education of caregiver, % (n) | |||
| No formal education | 9.1 (18) | 25.8 (151) | < 0.0001 |
| Completed primary | 18.1 (36) | 27.8 (163) | |
| Completed secondary or higher | 72.9 (145) | 46.4 (272) | |
| Tenancy status (own), % (n) | 62.3 (124) | 62.5 (366) | 0.97 |
| Religion, % (n) | |||
| Christian | 82.4 (164) | 70.5 (413) | 0.004 |
| Muslim | 17.1 (34) | 27.8 (163) | |
| Other | 0.5 (1) | 1.7 (10) | |
| Proportion of households sharing a compound with other households, % (n) | 79.6 (163) | 82.5 (442) | 0.33 |
| Number of people in a household, mean (SD) | 5.2 (3.6) | 6.4 (41.2) | 0.67 |
| Wealth index, mean (SD)‡ | 0.44 (0.64) | −0.11 (1.04) | < 0.0001 |
| Water source, % (n) | |||
| Sachet | 78.4 (156) | 78.0 (457) | 0.96 |
| Municipal piped water | 21.1 (42) | 21.3 (125) | |
| Stored piped water | 0.5 (1) | 0.7 (4) | |
| Animal presence in HH, % (n) | 33.7 (67) | 27.7 (162) | 0.11 |
*
Within-compound access includes households with private (“safely managed” or “basic” according to the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program [JMP]) or shared (“limited” according to the WHO/UNICEF JMP) improved latrines.
†
P value for differences in number (percentage) of households from χ2 distribution and from analysis of variance for mean and standard deviation (SD).
‡
Accounted for 28% of variance in wealth in this population.