Table 2.
Averaged (n = 10 computed tomography scans) angle and distance results for the multiportal approach to skull base target locations.
| Prechiasmatic | Postchiasmatic | Cavernous Sinus | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Angles between instruments, mean (SD), deg | |||
| Bilateral transnasal | 14.69 (1.89) | 13.20 (1.72) | 13.86 (1.88) |
| Nasal and opposite medial orbit | 28.31 (3.59) | 22.66 (3.56) | 25.16 (3.89) |
| Nasal and opposite superior orbit | 41.91 (4.62) | 41.37 (3.63) | 43.77 (4.88) |
| Bilateral medial orbit | 28.63 (3.17) | 24.32 (2.5) | 24.88 (2.67) |
| Bilateral superior orbit | 52.02 (3.52) | 46.03 (3.62) | 43.45 (3.18) |
| Distances to target, mean (SD), mm | |||
| Nasal | 93.22 (5.61) | 103.74 (7.04) | 97.88 (6.05) |
| Medial orbit | 59.95 (2.36) | 70.28 (3.57) | 67.32 (3.47) |
| Superior orbit | 73.41 (2.38) | 82.41 (3.67) | 86.80 (4.22) |
| Approach angle with respect to midsagittal plane, mean (SD), deg | |||
| Nasal | 8.01 (1.39) | 7.14 (1.28)a | 15.91 (2.72) |
| Medial orbit | 14.69 (1.73) | 12.50 (1.4)a | 24.40 (2.85) |
| Superior orbit | 26.48 (1.53) | 23.29 (1.73)a | 32.93 (2.25) |
| Approach angle with respect to skull base plane, mean (SD), deg | |||
| Nasal | −22.20 (6.02) | −21.25 (5.78) | −17.17 (6.21) |
| Medial orbit | 5.47 (4.17) | 5.90 (4.62) | 4.57 (3.18) |
| Superior orbit | 11.66 (5.93) | 8.39 (5.22) | 10.61 (6.22) |
a
Contralateral approach angles shown.