Table 1.
Perceived Cognitive Difficulties, Neuropsychological Performance, Demographic Information, and Clinical Characteristics.
| All Participants n=95 |
Former Smokers Without COPD n=36 |
Former Smokers With COPD n=59 |
Effect size (Cohen’s D or phi) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Demographic and Clinical Variables | Mean (SD) | (n) % | Mean (SD) | (n) % | Mean (SD) | (n) % | |
| Age | 68.7 (7.0) | 66.1 (6.6)** | 70.3 (6.8)** | 0.63 | |||
| Sex (n/% female) | (40) 42.1 | (16) 44.4 | (24) 40.7 | 0.04 | |||
| Education | 14.2 (2.2) | 14.6 (2.2) | 13.9 (2.2) | 0.32 | |||
| Estimated Premorbid IQ (WRAT-IV) | 101.0 (7.8) | 99.4 (9.1) | 101.9 (6.8) | 0.31 | |||
| Smoking history (pack-years) | 51.3 (33.1) | 37.4 (22.3)*** | 59.8 (35.8)*** | 0.75 | |||
| Depression and Anxiety (HADS) | 6.6 (5.0) | 5.3 (3.8)* | 7.4 (5.5)* | 0.44 | |||
| Post-Bronchodilator Spirometry | |||||||
| FEV1/FVC(%) | |||||||
| FEV1 % Predicted | 61.4 (17.0) | 78.3 (5.3)*** | 51.1 (12.8)*** | 2.78 | |||
| Asthma | 66.6 (28.2) | 92.7 (17.8)*** | 50.7 (20.4)*** | 2.19 | |||
| Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 | (24) 25.3 | (4) 11.1* | (20) 33.9* | 0.25 | |||
| Sleep Apnea | (11) 11.6 | (5) 13.9 | (6) 10.2 | 0.06 | |||
| Hypertension | (25) 26.3 | (13) 36.1 | (12) 20.3 | 0.17 | |||
| Hypercholesterolemia | (4) 4.2 | (3) 8.3 | (1) 1.7 | 0.16 | |||
| (54) 56.8 | (20) 55.6 | (34) 57.6 | 0.02 | ||||
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| Neuropsychological Test Performance | |||||||
| Memory Recall (T-score) | 49.1 (8.5) | 51.0 (8.9) | 47.9 (8.1) | 0.36 | |||
| Executive functioning/ | 48.7 (6.5) | 50.8 (6.4)* | 47.4 (6.3)* | 0.54 | |||
| Processing-speed (T-score) | |||||||
| Language (T-score) | 52.2 (7.0) | 53.6 (7.6) | 51.3 (6.6) | 0.32 | |||
| Visuospatial Functioning (T-score) | 52.0 (6.2) | 51.6 (6.9) | 52.2 (5.7) | 0.09 | |||
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| Cognitive Difficulties Scale (CDS) | |||||||
| CDS Total Score | 36.5 (18.0) | 35.9 (17.3) | 36.9 (18.5) | 0.06 | |||
| CDS Attention/Concentration | 11.6 (6.3) | 11.4 (6.1) | 11.7 (6.4) | 0.05 | |||
| CDS Praxis (n/% with no | (37) 38.9 | (17) 47.2 | (20) 33.9 | 0.34 | |||
| reported impairment)┼ | |||||||
| CDS Delayed Recall (n/% with | (23) 24.2 | (6) 16.7 | (17) 28.8 | 0.23 | |||
| no reported impairment)┼ | |||||||
| CDS Orientation for Persons | 5.2 (2.5) | 4.9 (3.0) | 5.4 (2.2) | 0.19 | |||
| CDS Temporal Orientation | 2.1 (1.5) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.6) | 0.00 | |||
| CDS Prospective Memory | 3.0 (1.5) | 3.2 (1.3) | 2.9 (1.5) | 0.21 | |||
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| Medications | |||||||
| Inhaled Corticosteroid | (42) 44.2 | (4) 11.1*** | (38) 64.4*** | 0.52 | |||
| Inhaled Short Acting Beta | (29) 30.5 | (3) 8.3** | (26) 44.1** | 0.38 | |||
| Agonist | |||||||
| Long Acting Beta Agonist | (33) 34.7 | (1) 2.8*** | (32) 54.2*** | 0.52 | |||
| Statin | (48) 50.5 | (16) 44.4 | (32) 54.2 | 0.10 | |||
| Antidepressant | (19) 20.0 | (7) 19.4 | (12) 20.3 | 0.08 | |||
| ACE Inhibitor | (22) 23.2 | (6) 16.7 | (16) 27.1 | 0.13 | |||
| Beta Blocker | (18) 18.9 | (6) 16.7 | (12) 20.3 | 0.05 | |||
| Hormone-Replacement Therapy | (11) 11.6 | (5) 14.0 | (6) 10.2 | 0.24 | |||
p<.05,
p<.01,
p<.001;
CDS Praxis and Delayed Recall Scales were considered dichotomously in all analyses due to skewed distributions
Note: T-Scores for each cognitive domain are age-corrected average values for the tests in that domain. T-scores have a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. The CDS scores have the following items and ranges: Total Score (39 items): 0–156; Attention/Concentration (11 items): 0–44; Praxis (4 items): 0–16; Delayed Recall (3 items): 0–12; Orientation for Persons (4 items): 0–16; Temporal Orientation (2 items): 0–8; CDS Prospective Memory (2 items): 0–8. Regarding effect sizes, Cohen’s D was used for continuous variables and phi was used for dichotomous variables.