Table 1. Results of RMANOVAs comparing mean behavior scores among the three treatment groups (LD vs. HD vs. controls).
| Round; Comparison | Behavior | Fdf | P | C vs. LD | C vs. HD | LD vs. HD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PE; C vs LD vs HD | Gill flaring | 0.98 2,51 | 0.385 | ------ | ------ | ------ |
| 4-WK; C vs LD vs HD | Gill flaring | 17.45 2,51 | <0.001a | T = 3.19 P = 0.006 |
T = 5.74 P = <0.001 |
T = 2.71 P = 0.011 |
| 20-WK; C vs LD vs HD | Gill flaring | 25.99 2,51 | <0.001b | T = 5.33 P = <0.001 |
T = 6.69 P = <0.001 |
T = 1.54 P = 0.133 |
| PE; C vs LD vs HD | Fin spreading | 0.60 2,51 | 0.553 | ------ | ------ | ------ |
| 4-WK; C vs LD vs HD | Fin spreading | 4.03 2,51 | 0.028 | T = 2.11 P = 0.083 |
T = 2.62 P = 0.039 |
T = 0.58 P = 0.564 |
| 20-WK; C vs LD vs HD | Fin spreading | 12.25 2,51 | <0.001c | T = 3.25 P = 0.005 |
T = 4.73 P = <0.001 |
T = 1.61 P = 0.117 |
| PE; C vs LD vs HD | Tail beats | 1.34 2,51 | 0.276 | ------ | ------ | ------ |
| 4-WK; C vs LD vs HD | Tail beats | 6.25 2,51 | 0.005d | T = 2.56 P = 0.031 |
T = 3.30 P = 0.007 |
T = 0.83 P = 0.413 |
| 20-WK; C vs LD vs HD | Tail beats | 1.47 2,51 | 0.246 | ------ | ------ | ------ |
Results of RMANOVAs comparing each subject’s three-day mean behavior scores for gill flaring display duration (sec), fin spreading display duration (sec), and frequency of tail beats among the three treatment groups [i.e. low-dose metformin exposure (LD; n = 18) vs. high dose (HD; n = 17) vs. the controls (C; n = 17)] with associated post-hoc t-tests where applicable (all pairwise multiple comparison procedures; Holm-Sidak method). Separate RMANOVAs were completed on data from each of the three sequences of testing [pre-exposure (PE); 4-weeks of metformin exposure (4-WK); and 20-weeks of metformin exposure (20-WK)]. Letter designations (a-d) in association with significant p-values (bold) correspond with those presented in Figs 2–4.