Table 1.
Sample Characteristics and Their Bivariable Associations with HFIAS Scores.
| Variable | % or M (SD)a | HFIAS scores
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean score or βb | p | ||
| Outcome | |||
| Household food insecurity (continuous) | 14.21 (7.86) | ||
| Food insecurity (prevalence) | |||
| Food secure | 7% | ||
| Mildly food insecure | 2% | ||
| Moderately food insecure | 17% | ||
| Severely food insecure | 74% | ||
| Demographic | |||
| Age (in years) | 37.78 (7.35) | −0.13 | .24 |
| Gender | .03 | ||
| Female | 45% | 15.74 | |
| Male | 55% | 12.34 | |
| Marital status | .15 | ||
| Married | 76% | 13.55 | |
| Not married | 24% | 16.25 | |
| Education level | .00 | ||
| Primary education | 64% | 15.98 | |
| Secondary education or higher | 36% | 11.03 | |
| Type of occupation | .04 | ||
| Farming | 76% | 15.12 | |
| Nonfarming | 24% | 11.42 | |
| Head of household status | .26 | ||
| Head of household | 65% | 13.56 | |
| Non–head of household | 35% | 15.44 | |
| Residence | .22 | ||
| Lumezi | 50% | 15.18 | |
| Lundazi | 50% | 13.24 | |
| Social and economic | |||
| Household size | 5.94 (3.53) | −0.45 | .01 |
| Financial situation | .00 | ||
| Worse than two years ago | 82% | 15.84 | |
| The same or better than two years ago | 18% | 7.00 | |
| Household income | .00 | ||
| ZK0–20 | 44% | 16.79 | |
| ZK21–50 | 26% | 16.04 | |
| ZK51–500 | 15% | 12.07 | |
| ≥ ZK501 | 15% | 5.93 | |
| Transportation asset index | 0.19 (0.39) | −5.06 | .00 |
| Household possessions index | 0.65 (0.81) | −4.44 | .00 |
| Livestock ownership index | 1.39 (3.03) | −0.63 | .00 |
| Landownership (in acreage) | 3.84 (4.03) | −0.39 | .01 |
| Saving behavior | .37 | ||
| Save sometimes or frequently | 63% | 14.76 | |
| Do not save | 37% | 13.28 | |
| Debt | .46 | ||
| Owe money | 24% | 15.25 | |
| Do not owe money | 76% | 13.88 | |
| Health | |||
| Perceived stress, mental distress | 7.32 (4.60) | 0.69 | .00 |
| Perceived stress, coping strategies | 9.44 (4.28) | −0.13 | .51 |
| Health perception | .01 | ||
| Good or better | 81% | 13.16 | |
| Poor or fair | 19% | 18.58 | |
| ART treatment duration (in months) | 26.13 (20.39) | −0.01 | .78 |
Note. ART = antiretroviral therapy; HFIAS = Household Food Insecurity Access Scale; M = mean, SD = standard deviation. Household income was measured in Zambian kwacha (ZK).
a
M (SD) for continuous variables and percentage distribution (%) for categorical variables.
b
Comparison of mean scores for categorical variables and β for continuous variables.