Table 1.

Type I error rates (π = 1) and powers (π < 1) expressed as percentage, for various tests for publication bias due to suppressing non-significant findings (Scenario I). The nominal significance level is 10%.

Test	τ = 0 (I2 = 0%)				τ = 1 (6% ≤ I2 ≤ 50%)				τ = 4 (50% ≤ I2 ≤ 94%)
	π = 1	π = 0.05	π = 0.02	π = 0	π = 1	π = 0.05	π = 0.02	π = 0	π = 1	π = 0.05	π = 0.02	π = 0
n = 10:
Egger	10	15	23	35	11	14	20	31	13	10	10	11
Begg	7	13	28	57	5	12	23	44	5	4	4	4
T & F	11	8	12	30	11	7	10	21	5	8	9	9
TI	10	17	26	40	10	17	25	39	10	14	15	16
TI*	[9]	[21]	[29]	[41]	[11]	[19]	[27]	[39]	[9]	[15]	[17]	[17]
TS	1	7	20	37	1	8	18	32	1	3	3	4
TS*	[10]	[27]	[48]	[59]	[10]	[29]	[46]	[58]	[10]	[15]	[17]	[19]
Combined	6	14	29	61	6	14	27	52	5	9	10	11
Combined*	[10]	[26]	[50]	[75]	[10]	[27]	[47]	[68]	[8]	[15]	[17]	[18]
n = 30:
Egger	10	17	27	45	10	14	23	35	14	11	12	12
Begg	7	28	64	97	7	24	55	89	5	4	5	6
T & F	12	16	18	17	13	19	20	18	9	21	21	20
TI	10	18	27	42	10	17	25	36	10	15	16	18
TI *	[9]	[22]	[33]	[49]	[11]	[21]	[31]	[43]	[10]	[18]	[20]	[22]
TS	6	50	83	94	6	59	83	92	5	16	20	24
TS*	[10]	[61]	[88]	[96]	[10]	[70]	[88]	[94]	[10]	[26]	[30]	[34]
Combined	8	42	77	93	8	48	76	90	8	16	19	23
Combined*	[10]	[53]	[85]	[96]	[11]	[61]	[84]	[94]	[9]	[23]	[28]	[32]
n = 50:
Egger	9	20	35	58	11	17	28	46	14	12	13	14
Begg	7	38	83	100	7	33	75	98	5	5	7	9
T & F	12	20	17	10	12	23	19	13	9	18	18	18
TI	9	19	31	49	10	18	28	43	10	16	18	20
TI*	[9]	[24]	[38]	[57]	[11]	[23]	[34]	[51]	[10]	[19]	[21]	[24]
TS	7	77	96	99	7	84	96	98	7	30	36	41
TS*	[10]	[82]	[97]	[99]	[10]	[87]	[97]	[99]	[10]	[37]	[44]	[49]
Combined	8	67	94	99	9	75	93	98	8	25	30	35
Combined*	[9]	[74]	[96]	[100]	[11]	[81]	[96]	[99]	[9]	[31]	[36]	[42]

^*The results in square brackets are based on the parametric resampling method.