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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anesthesiology. 2018 Jun;128(6):1220–1236. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002191

Figure 3. Systemic administration of dermorphin [D-Arg2, Lys4] (1–4) amide (DALDA) does not reduce exploration activity or induce constipation.

Figure 3

(A) Examples of SNL rat exploration activity during a 10 min period in the open field test before and 45 min after administration of vehicle (saline) or DALDA (10 mg/kg, s.c.). (B) Neither DALDA (10 mg/kg, s.c., n=6) nor saline (n=6) significantly impaired the exploration activity of SNL rats. (C) Systemic administration of loperamide (5 mg/kg, b.i.d, s.c.), but not DALDA (10 mg/kg, b.i.d, s.c.) or vehicle (n=6/group), for 3 consecutive days significantly decreased the daily number of fecal pellets, water content of pellets (day 3), and food intake of rats. (D) Distal colon motility was examined after 3 days of treatment (b.i.d., s.c.) with loperamide (5 mg/kg), DALDA (10 mg/kg), or vehicle. The expulsion time of a glass bead was significantly increased on day 3 in the loperamide-treated group, but not in the DALDA-treated group (n=5/group). Two-way mixed model ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus baseline. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. ANOVA, analysis of variance; b.i.d., twice per day; s.c., subcutaneous; SNL, spinal nerve ligation.