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. 2018 May 15;8:7578. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25789-8

Table 2.

Physicochemical processes vs. battery performance parameters.

acting process formation of fluctuating dissolution adsorption convection/flow comment
controlled property Fe–ligand Mg–ligand insoluble reaction products
utilization efficiency graphic file with name 41598_2018_25789_Figa_HTML.gif graphic file with name 41598_2018_25789_Figb_HTML.gif graphic file with name 41598_2018_25789_Figc_HTML.gif graphic file with name 41598_2018_25789_Figd_HTML.gif graphic file with name 41598_2018_25789_Fige_HTML.gif graphic file with name 41598_2018_25789_Figf_HTML.gif max. improvement in this work: factor 2
voltage graphic file with name 41598_2018_25789_Figg_HTML.gif graphic file with name 41598_2018_25789_Figh_HTML.gif graphic file with name 41598_2018_25789_Figi_HTML.gif graphic file with name 41598_2018_25789_Figj_HTML.gif graphic file with name 41598_2018_25789_Figk_HTML.gif graphic file with name 41598_2018_25789_Figl_HTML.gif theoretical anode limit: −2.1 [V]Ag/AgCl[1]
Example 1: Tiron strong strong no no no weak effect high voltage but low durability
Example 2: oxalate moderate moderate yes weak yes effect battery fails as result of anode blockage
Example 3: salicylate strong moderate weak no weak weak effect moderate voltage with high durability

Control of the discharge behaviour by physical/chemical interaction processes (increase, decrease or no change) and respective additive examples.