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. 2018 May 15;8:7593. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25879-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Lactobacillus is underrepresented whereas Sneathia is enriched in HPV-positive, LGD, HGD and ICC samples when compared to HPV-negative controls as well as in patients with abnormal pH and Hispanic women across the groups. Enrichment in bacterial taxa among the groups when compared to HPV-negative control prior (A) and after adjusting for age, BMI, and ethnicity (B). Enrichment in bacterial taxa in patients with abnormal pH vs. normal pH and Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic (C). Comparison of enrichment before and after adjustment for covariates (D). The bacterial enrichment was calculated using the DESeq. 2 package. The threshold for log₂ fold difference was 2. Overall differences were tested using a likelihood ratio test, with pairwise comparisons using the Benjamini-Yekutieli false discovery adjustment. Red and blue bars/circles indicate enrichment or underrepresentation of taxa compared to HPV-negative control. The size of circles indicates the fold difference compared to HPV-negative control. Arrows indicate enrichment or underrepresentation in Lactobacillus and Sneathia spp.