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Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) of H. pylori demonstrates that host cell contact is required for T4SS pilus formation. (A) FEG-SEM of the H. pylori J166 WT and ΔcagPAI mutant cultured with or without AGS cells. Pili are indicated by white arrows. Scale bar, 1 µm. (B) Enumeration of pili per bacterial cell. ***, P < 0.001, compared with WT.
