Table 1.

Clinical trials about curcumin and its protective effects against diabetes and its-related cardiovascular risks.

Subjects included	Treatments	Metabolic effects	Reference
118 subjects with T2DM	Curcuminoids (1,000 mg/day) for 12 weeks	- Reductions in serum total cholesterol, non-HDL-C and Lp(a) levels	Panahi et al., 2017
		- Elevations in serum HDL-C levels
240 patients with T2DM	Curcuminoids (1,500 mg/day) for 6 months	- Reduced pulse wave velocity	Chuengsamarn et al., 2014
		- Increased level of serum adiponectin and decreased level of leptin
		- Reduced levels of HOMA-IR, triglyceride, uric acid, visceral fat, and total body fat
240 pre-diabetic individuals	Curcuminoids (1,500 mg/day) for 12 months	- Decreased the number of pre-diabetic individuals who eventually developed T2DM	Chuengsamarn et al., 2012
		- Better overall function of β-cells, with higher HOMA-β and lower C-peptide
		- A lower level of HOMA-IR and higher adiponectin
118 patients with T2DM	Curcuminoids (1,000 mg/day) for 12 weeks	- Higher adiponectin level	Sahebkar et al., 2018
		- Lower leptin concentration
		- Decreased leptin/adiponectin ratio
		- Elevated serum ghrelin level
118 subjects with T2DM	Curcuminoids (1,000 mg/day) for 8 weeks	- Elevation in serum TAC and SOD activities	Panahi et al., 2017
		- Reduced MDA concentration

DCM, diabetic cardiomyopathy; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a); HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment-β; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; SOD, superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde.